Master Study Guide PDF

rei Archaeology -Sumer, Mesopotamia: Cuneiform - Cuneiform - Wedged Writing Early Civilization to City -Çatalhöyük Location: South Central Turkey Collection of Houses & Communal Spaces Population low 100’s → Several 1000’s -Uruk: “First City” (~5000 BCE to c. 70 CE) City b...

rei Archaeology -Sumer, Mesopotamia: Cuneiform - Cuneiform - Wedged Writing Early Civilization to City -Çatalhöyük Location: South Central Turkey Collection of Houses & Communal Spaces Population low 100’s → Several 1000’s -Uruk: “First City” (~5000 BCE to c. 70 CE) City by 4000 BCE (“The First City,”) title given by archaeologists Population: 74,500 (at height) Sumerian King List: ○ Gilgamesh Patron/Principal Deities: ○ Anu ○ Inanna Ziggurats and Temenos -Pyramid structure with steps leading up to a housing for a god. Temenos: A sacred enclosure surrounding a temple, often found in ancient religious architecture, which served to separate the holy space from the outside world.(similar to a torii gate) Kingdoms to Empires -Urukagina of LagashSumerian king who ruled Lagash 1st Known Law Code - “Reforms” code of Urukagina ○ Compensating Victims ○ Combats corruption: limits power/authority of big landowners & priests ○ Widows and orphans exempt from taxes -Hammurabi (c. 1792 to c. 1750 BCE)-Hammurabi (born, Babylon [now in Iraq]—died c. 1750 bce) was the sixth and best-known ruler of the 1st (Amorite) dynasty of Babylon (reigning c. 1792–1750 bce), noted for his surviving set of laws, once considered the oldest promulgation of laws in human history Code of Hammurabi ○ 1st designate punishment ($ or physical) for specific crimes ○ Limits eye for an eye ○ First to designate innocent until proven guilty Religious & Social Order in Ancient India (Review: Dharmic Religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism) -Common beliefs in Dharmic religions: -Moksha Realization that leads to escape of Samsara ○ Implications Yes, it’s rebirth No, join the universe Shared/Common beliefs(again) -Dharma: universal truth -Samsara: -Cycle of death and rebirth -Alam: spirit of individuality -Brahman: universal Spirit -Karma: Temporal, affects your rebirth Moksha: Moment of Enlightenment -Based on denomination -Affected by Karma - moksha = join with universe(escape from samsara) -Varna Caste System -Varna: meaning type, order, color, or class -References: 1st ref. Vedic texts -Categories 1. Brahmin: The highest and most elite class, includes priests, advisors, and intellectual leaders 2. Kshatriyas: Second highest rank of the four varnas, includes landowners, rulers, and military leaders 3. Vaishyas: Third rank of the four, includes merchants, artisans, traders, and big farmers 4. Shudras: Lowest ranked varna, these are traditionally laborers (farmers, weavers, potters) 5. Dalit: This fifth caste was originally called the untouchables. They are the lowest class and include low-status personas and those outside the caste system, such as tribal people and foreigners -Jati (meaning birth) In the Jati system, you were born into your category, and some flexibility was allowed. Based off the information from ancient texts, there were thousands of categories, with lack of application/definition Classical China -Taoism/Daoism and Confucianism Taoism was founded by Lao Tzu and it has the balance and harmony of all humans and animals Hundred Schools of Thought/Philosophy ○ Taoism/Daoism & Confucianism Taoism: -Lao Tzu(500 bc) -Balance/harmony of humans and animals with universe (the tao) -Different views on religion Confucianism: -Kong Fuzi/Confucius(551-479) -Emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, kindness, and sincerity. 5 Constant relationships: Ruler is benevolent, subject is loyal Parent should be loving, child obedient Elder sibling gentle, younger respectful Husband good and fair, wife understanding Older friends considerate, younger admiring This is the hierarchy system^^^^ -Qin Dynasty -Founder: Qin Shi Huang -Construction Projects: -Funding & Laborers: Funded by heavy taxing and laborers were mostly citizens who were forced to build the public construction efforts -citizens would have been conscripted farmers and skilled workers/architects (like the people making the terracotta army) They also used criminals and slaves for the hard labor. -Qin Shi Huang’s death: scandals associated with succession & death Emperor on tour when he dies. eunuchs write a forged will saying that the 18th son will become king. Emperor Qin’s death is hidden for 2 months before coming back to the royal palace. Here the eunuchs write a second forged letter that is sent to the 1st son saying that he has betrayed the kingdom and he needs to kill himself.  order here- they hide his death for the 2 month return trip to the palace- once there they Forge the Will and Letter. Qin Dynasty(again) founder of Qin Dynasty Qin Shi huang Consolidation: Several years to consolidate china,m Expansion greatly expands area under china's control Title: Emperor ○ Public Construction efforts Funded? Manpower? Begins to construct great wall, lots of taxes Manpower is directed towards public projects rather than normal life ○ Immortal Remedy (leading to death) He seeks immortality, takes mercury pills, and dies of mercury poisoning Classical Greece -Vocab: Polis, Agora, Acropolis Polis is city in greek Agora is the market of a greek city Acropolis is the highest point in a city -Greek Leagues Greek Cities and their colonies- forming political/military alliances. -Greco-Persian Wars Greece(Greek Leagues- city-states & colonies vs Persia) -Peloponnesian Wars Greek Leagues turn on each other- Sparta and Athens are the largest two and main groups conflicting in the Peloponnesian wars Alexander the Great (video notes) -Alexander the Great born in 356 bce at Pella in Macedonia, the son of Philip II and Olympias (daughter of King Neoptolemus of Epirus). From age 13 to 16 he was taught by Aristotle, who inspired him with an interest in philosophy, medicine, and scientific investigation, but he was later to advance beyond his teacher’s narrow precept that non-Greeks should be treated as slaves. -Battle of Granicus River  First battle and alexander defeats the persian satrapies/governors and kills the greek mercenaries -Battle of Issus Alexander wins and Darius the III flees. Darius leaves behind his wife and daughter. Alexander captures them but treats them well. This was unusual at the time -Battle of Gaugamela This was the final showdown between Darius and Alexander. Alexander forces Darius to flee again. Darius is later killed by the governor of ectbatana(betrayal) -Persepolis Resistance Persepolis, the religious capital of Persia, was resisting capture by Alexander. Alexander and his army then pillage and burn the city as a form of punishment -Satrap/Satrapy Satrapy is a province, satrap is a governor (persian empire) -Battle of Gaugamela & Kingship Darius flees Alexander founds many cities Darius gets murdered by bessus, governor of ecbatana(he gets betrayed basically). This guy then declares himself king (who does jit think he is?????) Alexander hunts that kid and orders for darius to be buried in persepolis (persian religious capital, also burying the king is seen as taking kingship so this a double win for alex) Other cities like babylon and susa recognize alex as king. -Persepolis Resistance Persian religious capital Pillaged and burned -Proskynesis The act of bowing to a king , this is seen as crossing the line by his soldiers, as only gods deserve that kind of respect Misc info that will probably come up on the test) Alexander is first seen as a tyrant by the greeks Sparta with persian support rebels and fails Persia offers him a marriage peace treaty, which he rejects cuz he thinks hes destined to rule the world. There's an assasination attempt that philotas knew about but didn't tell Alex, so he has him executed, then assassinates parmenion(philotas dad) so he doesnt rebel. Alexander hands over bessus and has him executed as a king slayer Troops start getting homesick  He kills cleitus while drunk (a general who saved his life) Judaism (Review: Abrahamic Religions: Judaism, Islam, Christianity - aka “God of Abraham” religions) -King Solomon 1st temple built by Solomon and in the Davidic dynasty, Solomon was king. -Solomon’s Temple: Destroyed 587 BCE and was the first temple Roman Republic Punic Wars Background -Mediterranean Trade: Carthage(african client state) gets so big it becomes its own kingdom Outside trade attention is drawn to its large food production -Conflict Reasons: Reasons for conflict- Trade & land/food resources. Sicily has good farmland & was a main hub of mediterranean trade -Sides of Conflict: Main roman empire and Carthage -Hannibal He was an army general who led a large force around the western side of Europe. His idea was to bring the troops through the Alps and into the weaker side of Rome. The army successfully crossed but they were severely weakened and the proceeding invasion force was too weak and they were driven out before any damage was done. Hannibal then proceeded to cross the entire Italian peninsula back to Carthage where later events were not quite known -Punic Wars Victor: Rome would end up winning the Punic wars. There were 3 wars, rome won all 3 -Patrician  The higher class(citizens- specifically. Others in the empire could be wealthy or elite in their areas, even Rome, but only citizens of the upper class would be recognized as Patricians) in the Roman empire. This class had a large and impactful presence in the Roman Senate -Plebeian These people were the lower class citizens in the Roman empire. They were often treated poorly by the Patricians and they also had a very insignificant impact and little presence in the Roman Senate. -Plebeian Tribunate -Titus & Tiberius Gracchus Titus and Tiberius were brothers who were a part of the Plebeian class. Titus was the first to have a seat in the Senate. He was tired of being treated poorly and decided to speak up. He was contributing ideas that most of the Patricians did not like since they were reducing the amount of power they had. The only way to stop him back then was to kill him, and so they did. Tiberius then took titus’ seat and kept trying to change the rules. And since Tiberius was doing practically the same thing that Titus was doing, he got killed as well. Republic to Roman Empire -Julius Caesar (100 BCE - 44 BCE) He gains military power and inherits his father-in-laws seat on Pontifices (College of Priests) -First Triumvirate - An informal political alliance (60 - 53 BCE) with Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey. They were against the Senate.(specifically sullas) -Crossing the Rubicon/ Caesars Civil War - Crossing the Rubicon was a declaration of defiance, and the civil war was won by Caesar. His victory earned him the title of a Dictator for life. He also had a lot of political enemies, reforms, and social programs. -Death - After his death, they adjusted the calendar. Ides of March - 15th: Day Caesar died. A Civil war also starts again. (44 - 27 BCE) -Caesar Augustus (63 BCE - 14 CE) | (r. 27 BCE - 17 CE) -Second Triumvirate - Augustus, Anthony, Lepidus vs. Senate assassins of caeser (Augustus wins). Earns him the title of 1st emperor. -Pax Romana - Peace of Rome, stable period of peace/prosperity after consolidation of land/power. Decline of the Roman Empire -Crisis of the 3rd Century INTERNAL CONFLICT: CIVIL WAR - over 50 years there were 26 emperors. - Armies were loyal to generals and money - “Empire” - no loyalty - far off and don’t care about soldiers EXTERNAL CONFLICT - Barbarian invasion from the north and eastern Europe - Constant Civil War and invasion (trade disrupted/lost and travel unsafe) -Diocletian (284-311 CE) RECONSTRUCTION - splits empire in half - Retirement (government system falls apart) -Tetrarchy Tetrarchy is established ( Senior and Junior emperors) - Senior: Military control - Junior: Administrative control of stable territories Fall of the Western Roman Empire -Alaric the Visigoth -a chief of the Visigoths, would have unified some tribes for the invasion -Invades Italy (401-407CE) -Sieges Rome (408-409CE) -Sacks Rome (410CE) -Attila the Hun -Failed to take Rome -leader of the huns - nomadic group invading roman empire When he dies everything stops Weaknesses Test 1: Test 2: The Vedas are written Of ORAL TRADITION of sanskrit speakers Oral Tradition: Stories/Myths/history, stuff passed down by choice/verbally or by no written text? Confucianism never faded out, and its order has some flexibility Don't make essays too long Four Varna castes in order of hierarchy: Brahmins, priestly people  Kshatriyas: rulers, administrators, and warriors also called rajanya. Order politics VAishyas: Artisans, Merchants/Traders, Farmers Shudras: Labor class Dalit: untouchables Agora is a WORD not a place, it means marketplace Test 3: Punic wars was a series of WARS, not battles(lost points on that) Greek Column Styles: Doric: Wide base/structure Ionic: Scroll capital design Corinthian: Fancy, sophisticated design. Egypt was halfway into Alexanders Conquest, not the start Forgot battle of Issus: Alexander victorious over persian satrapies Persians dont listen to greek advisor telling them to use the scorched earth tactic