Questions and Answers
What term describes a body part that is situated farther from the midline?
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
In anatomical position, how are the arms positioned?
Which term means closer to the point of origin?
Signup and view all the answers
How many abdominal regions are recognized?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for male pattern baldness in men?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately describes the lunula?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of connective tissue is primarily composed of osteocytes embedded in a mineralized matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by its involuntary contraction and is solely found in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is often the first sign of oxygen deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
How many sweat glands does an adult typically have?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following tissues is responsible for rapid communication within the body due to its high excitability?
Signup and view all the answers
What is sebum, and what is its primary function?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of tissue forms the framework of lymph nodes and the spleen?
Signup and view all the answers
The accumulation of excess cerumen can lead to what effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What process occurs when damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of muscle tissue lines the walls of organs in the digestive and respiratory tracts?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of gland opens directly into a hair follicle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following can cause burns?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of skeletal muscle cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes blood as a connective tissue from other types of connective tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is indicated by a blue tint in the skin due to a deficiency of oxygen in circulating blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following skin conditions results from an impaired liver function that allows bile to accumulate, causing a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary genetic condition resulting in extremely pale skin, white hair, and pink eyes due to a lack of melanin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ system is primarily responsible for the sensation of temperature and its regulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of skin change is identified by abnormal redness due to increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels near the skin's surface?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the effector in homeostatic regulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is characterized by a breakdown of clotted blood under the skin, resulting in bluish, black, or yellowish marks?
Signup and view all the answers
Which skin appendage serves to insulate against heat and cold and has hair follicles that contain a rich nerve and blood supply?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes negative feedback in homeostatic regulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two types of melanin responsible for hair color and texture?
Signup and view all the answers
In which of the following scenarios is positive feedback most commonly observed?
Signup and view all the answers
What ranges are considered the normal glucose levels for maintaining homeostasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes excessive hair loss within the human body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which system's response includes blood vessel constriction to conserve heat?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the control center in homeostatic regulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which temperature range signifies the body's main temperature for homeostasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Directional Terms
- Proximal: closest to the point of origin.
- Superior: above.
- Inferior: below.
- Anterior (ventral): toward the front of the body.
- Posterior (dorsal): toward the back of the body.
- Medial: toward the midline.
- Lateral: away from the midline.
- Distal: farthest from the point of origin.
- Superficial: at or near body surface.
- Deep: away from the body's surface.
- Anatomical Position: standing erect, arms at sides, face, palms, and feet facing forward, with right and left referring to the patient's sides.
Planes of the Body
- Sagittal Plane: divides the body lengthwise into right and left sides, also called the midsagittal plane.
- Transverse Plane: divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions, also called a horizontal plane.
- Frontal Plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior sections, also called a coronal plane.
Body Cavities
- Ventral cavity: located at the front of the body; houses internal organs.
- Dorsal cavity: located at the rear of the body.
Abdominal Regions
- Nine abdominal regions, including:
- Right Hypochondriac
- Epigastric
- Left Hypochondriac
- Right Lumbar
- Umbilical
- Left Lumbar
- Right Illiac
- Hypogastric
- Left Illiac
Homeostasis
- Maintains constancy or balance within the body.
- Body temperature should remain between 97°F and 99°F.
- Glucose levels should remain between 65 mg/dL and 99 mg/dL.
- Organ systems collectively maintain homeostasis through various mechanisms like temperature regulation and metabolic processes.
Homeostatic Regulation
- Comprises three components:
- Receptor: detects changes.
- Control Center: processes information.
- Effector: responds to maintain homeostasis.
Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative Feedback: effector opposes the stimulus (e.g., temperature regulation).
- Positive Feedback: effector enhances the stimulus (e.g., hormone release during childbirth).
Tissue Types
- Connective Tissue: Includes bone, dense tissue (tendons and ligaments), blood; characterized by various cell types and matrix composition.
- Nervous Tissue: Composed of neurons and neuroglia; high excitability and conductivity; found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
-
Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement; consists of three types:
- Skeletal Muscle: voluntary, moves bones, involved in breathing and speech.
- Cardiac Muscle: involuntary, found in the heart.
- Smooth Muscle: involuntary, lines organs.
Tissue Repair
- Regeneration: replacement of damaged cells with the same type for functional tissue.
- Fibrosis: replacement with scar tissue, lacks functionality, observed in severe injuries.
Skin Color Abnormalities
- Cyanosis: blue tint from oxygen deficiency.
- Jaundice: yellowish discoloration due to liver dysfunction.
- Albinism: genetic lack of melanin, causing pale skin and hair.
- Erythema: abnormal redness from increased blood flow.
- Pallor: pale skin from decreased blood flow.
- Bruise (hematoma): discoloration from clotted blood breakdown.
Functions and Appendages of Skin
- Protection, barrier functions, vitamin D production, sensory perception, thermoregulation.
- Hair: insulates, filters dust, and is nourished by follicles with nerve/blood supply.
- Nails: provide clues to underlying health, grow from the nail matrix.
Hair Characteristics
- Melanin determines hair color and texture.
- Alopecia: excessive hair loss, can be due to various factors.
- Clubbing: long-term oxygen deficiency causing nail distortions.
Skin Glands
- Sweat Glands: most numerous in skin; two types—eccrine (widely distributed) and apocrine (associated with hair follicles).
- Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum to prevent drying; excessive sebum can cause acne.
- Ceruminous Glands: located in ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax) to protect and lubricate.
Burns
- Causes include fire, hot water, steam, electricity, chemicals, and sunlight; can result in skin damage.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on anatomical terms and body orientation with this quiz. Explore concepts such as body planes, position descriptions, and more. Perfect for students in anatomy or health-related fields!
