Anatomy Quiz: Body Positions and Structures

Summary of Practical Anatomy Semester 1

• Anatomy is the study of the form and structure of the body. Studies can be macroscopic (naked eye) or microscopic (using a microscope), and can be conducted on both living and deceased bodies.

Anatomical Terms

• Superficial: Close to the surface (skin).
• Deep: Far from the surface.
• Superior: Towards the head.
• Inferior: Towards the feet.
• Anterior (ventral): Towards the front.
• Posterior (dorsal): Towards the back.
• Medial: Closer to the midline.
• Lateral: Further from the midline.
• Middle (median): Exactly in the middle.
• Proximal: Closer to the origin or point of attachment.
• Distal: Further from the origin or point of attachment.
• Internal: Towards the interior of an organ or cavity.
• External: Towards the exterior of an organ or cavity.

Terms of Position

• Erect anatomical position: Body upright, eyes forward, arms at sides, palms forward, and feet parallel.
• Supine position: Body lying on its back.
• Prone position: Body lying on its face.

Anatomical Planes and Lines

• Coronal plane: Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
• Horizontal plane: Transverse plane dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
• Sagittal plane (median plane): Vertical plane dividing the body into right and left halves.
• Paramedian plane: Parallel to the median plane.

Bones of the Upper Limb

• Clavicle: Collarbone; has an acromial (lateral) and sternal (medial) end.
• Scapula: Shoulder blade; has important features like the glenoid cavity, acromion, coracoid process, supraspinous fossa, and infraspinous fossa,
• Humerus: Upper arm bone; has a head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, deltoid tuberosity, capitulum, and trochlea.

Bones of the Upper Limb - Continued

• Radius and Ulna: Forearm bones; distinct features like the radial and ulnar tuberosities and styloid processes for articulation.

Bones of the Lower Limb

• Hip bone: Consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
• Ilium: part of the hip bone, has an iliac crest
• Ischium: part of the hip bone
• Pubis: part of the hip bone
• Femur: Thigh bone; has a head, neck, greater trochanter, and lesser trochanter, and condyles.
• Tibia and Fibula: Lower leg bones; prominent features are condyles, tibial tuberosity and malleoli for articulation.

Thoracic Cage

• Sternum: Breastbone; composed of manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. ribs and costal cartilage attach to the sternum.
• Ribs: 12 pairs of bones; divided into true, false, and floating ribs, forming a protective cage around thoracic organs.

Vertebral Column

• Sections of the spine: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.
• Typical vertebra: features include body, vertebral foramen, lamina, spinous process, transverse processes, and articular processes.
• Cervical vertebra:: specific features include the transverse foramen.
• Thoracic vertebra: has facets for articulation with ribs

Muscles of the Upper Limb

• Trapezius: Back muscle; involved in shoulder movements.
• Pectoralis major: Chest muscle; involved in arm movements.
• Deltoid: Shoulder muscle; involved in shoulder and arm movements.
• Biceps brachii: Arm muscle; involved in elbow and shoulder movements.
• Triceps brachii: Arm muscle; involved in elbow movements.

Muscles of the Lower Limb

• Gluteus maximus: Buttock muscle; involved in hip extension.
• Quadriceps femoris: Thigh muscle group; involved in knee extension.
• Sartorius: Thigh muscle; involved in hip and knee flexion.
• Gastrocnemius: Calf muscle; involved in plantar flexion.
• Soleus: Calf muscle; involved in plantar flexion.
• Achilles Tendon: Connects gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to the heel bone.

Muscles of the Head and Neck

• Sternomastoid: Neck muscle; involved in head movement.
• Temporalis and Masseter: Jaw muscles; involved in chewing.

Digestive System

• Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum), Large Intestine (Cecum, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum), Anus: Pathway for food processing.
• Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas: Accessory organs aiding digestion.

Blood Vessels

• Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
• Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart.
• Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk: Major arteries in the circulatory system.
• Various arteries and veins: supply oxygen and nutrients to organs and body structures (see details of specific vessels, such as those of the lower limb in the notes).

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Brain: Control center of the body; consist of the brain stem, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres, and specific lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) with functional areas such as sensor and motor areas.
• Spinal cord: Pathway for nerve signals between the brain and the body.

Respiratory System

• Lungs: Primary organs of respiration, consists of upper, lower lobes and fissures which separate the lobes.

Urinary System

• Kidneys, Renal pelvis, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra: Pathway for filtering and eliminating waste products.

Male Genital System

• Testes, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Bulbourethral glands, Urethra, Penis, Scrotum: Structures involved in male reproduction.

Female Genital System

• Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Bladder, Bartholin's glands: Structures involved in female reproduction.

Endocrine System

• Pituitary gland (hypophysis), Thyroid gland, Adrenal glands, Pineal gland, Pancreas, Ovaries (female), Testes (male): Glands that produce hormones to regulate bodily functions.

Lymphatic System

• Spleen, lymphatic vessels: part of the immune system, responsible for filtering the blood and lymph and producing lymphocytes.

Skull

• Frontal bone, Parietal bones, Temporal bone, Occipital bone, Mandible, Maxilla, Nasal bone: These form the skull.

• Features: Sutures (coronal, sagittal, lambdoid), foramina (holes for blood vessels, nerves), and other important structures. (The notes contain a list of features)