Summary of Practical Anatomy Semester 1 PDF

Summary of practical anatomy semester 1 By Dr. Hadeel Sayed  Introduction Anatomy is the science that describes the form and structure of the body. Anatomical studies can be done on dead and living bodies both macroscopic by the naked eye and microsc...

Summary of practical anatomy semester 1 By Dr. Hadeel Sayed  Introduction Anatomy is the science that describes the form and structure of the body. Anatomical studies can be done on dead and living bodies both macroscopic by the naked eye and microscopic by using the microscope. Anatomical Terms Superficial: denotes a position nearer to the surface (skin). Deep: means a position farther away from the surface. Superior: nearer to the head. Inferior: nearer to the feet. Anterior (ventral): nearer to the front. Posterior (dorsal): nearer to the back Medial: nearer to the median plane. Lateral: farther away from median plane. Middle (median): means exactly midway between two fixed points. Proximal: nearer to trunk or point of origin. Distal: farther away from trunk or point of origin. Internal: nearer to the cavity of the organ (hollow organ). External: nearer to the surface, away from the cavity of the organ (hollow organ). Terms of position Erect anatomical position : The body is standing upright; Eyes are looking horizontally forwards, Upper limbs are stretched by the side of the trunk, Palms are facing forwards, thumbs are directed laterally (Forearm is supinated) Lower limbs parallel and feet are directed forwards. Supine position: the body lies on its back. Prone position: the body lies on its face. Anatomical planes and lines Coronal plane: it is a vertical plane which divides the body into anterior (ventral) part and posterior (dorsal). Horizontal plane: it is a transverse plane which divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts. Sagittal plane (median plane): it is a vertical plane which divides the body into right and left halves. Paramendian plane: it is a plane parallel to and nearby the median plane. Bones of upper limb 1. Clavicle :  2. Scapula : Glenoid cavity Shoulder joint  3. Humerus Head Greater tuberosity lesser tuberosity deltoid tuberosity capitulum Trochlea  Shoulder joint Elbow joint 4. Radius and Ulna  Elbow joint Superior radio- ulnar joint wrist joint inferior radio-ulnar joint Bones of lower limb  1. Hip bone ilium Iliac crest pubis acetabulum ischium Sacroiliac joint Sacrum Hip joint Symphysis pubis  2. Femur Greater Head trochanter Neck Lesser trochanter Condyles  Hip joint Knee joint  3. Tibia and fibula Styloid process Lateral Medial condyle condyle Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus  patella Superior tibio- fibular joint Knee joint Inferior Ankle joint tibio-fibular joint Thoracic cage Parts Sternum Parts Xiphisternal junction Classification The ribs Typical rib 1st rib Vertebral column Parts: 1. Typical Cervical vertebrae 2. Typical thoracic vertebra 3. Typical lumbar vertebra Muscles of Upper Limb Trapezius Pectoralis major and Deltoid Biceps Triceps Quadriceps and sartorius Gastrocnemius and soleus Sternomastoid Temporalis and Masseter Digestive system Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Jejunum and ileum Large intestine Liver Pancreas nec k Blood vessels  Differences Between Veins and Arteries Carries blood towards the heart Carries blood away from the Carries deoxygenated blood heart except pulmonary veins Carries oxygenated blood except Thin wall pulmonary artery Wider lumen Thick wall Doesn’t pulsate Narrower lumen lower blood pressure Pulsate contain valves along their Higher blood pressure course (especially veins of lower No valves along their course limb)  Pulmonary Trunk Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Common iliac arteries External iliac artery Internal iliac arteries  Arterial Anastomosis Communications between arteries mainly around joints Equalizes pressure in communicating arteries Provide collateral pathway in case of arterial occlusion to maintain blood flow  Portal Vein transport venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and the gastrointestinal tract formed by the union of the splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein Central nervous system Central nervous system 1- Brain Cerebellum Lobes of cerebral hemisphere: Important functional areas: Visual area Parts of brain: Cerebral Diencephalon hemispehre Diencephalon pons cerebellum medulla  Spinal cord 45 cm long Consists of 31 segments Lungs Trache a Cardiac notch Lingula Urinary system Renal pelvis Male genital system Rectum Bulbourethral gland Ejaculator y duct Testis Scrotum Female genital system  Ligament of ovary Body of uterus infundibulum Vaginal opening Endocrine system  Pituitary gland (Hypophysis cerebri) Pituitary fossa (Hypophyseal fossa) Thyroid gland Pancreas Adrenal Gland Lymphatic system Lymphatic system Spleen  Hilum Splenic artery Splenic vein Tail of pancreas Skull Norma Frontalis Bones : Fontal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible  Supraorbital Features : foramen Canine fossa Zygomatico- Facial foramen Infraaorbital foramen Canine eminence Incisive fossa  Optic foramen Superior orbital fissure Infraorbital groove Infraorbital canal Inferior orbital fissure Infraorbital foramen Norma Lateralis Bones : Parietal bone Frontal bone Greater Wing of Temporal bone sphenoid Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Features : Temporal lines Supramastoid Mandibular crest fossa Articular eminence Asterion Zygomatic arch Mastoid process External auditory Styloid Tympanic meatus process plate  Parietal bone Pterion Frontal bone Temporal GW of bone sphenoid Temporal fossa Temporal lines Frontal Parietal bone Frontal bone process of zygomatic bone GW of sphenoid Temporal bone Zygomatic arch Supramastoid crest  Infratemporal surface of Infratemporal greater wing of sphenoid fossa Tympanic plate Pterygo-palatine fossa Lateral pterygoid Styloid process Pterygo-maxillary Back of maxilla fissure plate Pterygo-palatine fossa Norma verticalis Norma Basalis Externa Parts: Anterior part Middle part Posterior part  Hard palate: Incisive fossa Median palatine suture Palatine process of Palatomaxillary maxilla suture Horizontal plate of palatine bone Greater palatine foramen Posterior nasal spine Lesser palatine Palatine crest foramen Body of the Basilar part of Vomer sphenoid occipital bone Pharyngeal tubercle  Greater wing of sphenoid Pterygoid process Petrous part of temporal bone  Pterygoid Pterygoid fossa process: Pterygoid hamulus Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate Scaphoid fossa Pterygoid canal  Foramen ovale Foramen Articular lacerum eminence Mandibular fossa Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Stylomastoid Foramen  Anterior condylar canal (hypoglossal canal) Occipital condyle Stylomastoid foramen Jagular foramen Foramen magnum Condylar fossa Mastoid notch Squamous part of occipital bone Occipital groove External occipital crest Inferior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Superior nuchal line Norma Basalis Interna “Cranial cavity” Parts Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa Bones Ethmoid bone Orbital plate of the frontal bone Lesser wings of anterior part of body of sphenoid sphenoid  Frontal crest Cribriform plate of ethmoid Features Foramen cecum Crista galli Anterior clinoid process Middle cranial fossa  Greater wing of sphenoid Bones Squamous part of temporal bone Petrous part of Body of sphenoid temporal bone  Chiasmatic Optic canal Median area sulcus Tuberculum sellae Pituitary (hypophyseal) fossa Posterior Sella turcica Dorsum sellae clinoid process  Groove for internal Lateral areas carotid artery Superior Foramen orbital fissure lacerum Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Trigeminal impression Posterior cranial fossa Bones Body of sphenoid Petrous part Basilar part of of temporal occipital bone bone Squamous part of occipital bone Features Clivus Internal occipital crest sigmoid sulcus Internal occipital transverse sulcus protuberance  Internal auditory Foramina meatus Anterior condylar (hypoglossal) canal Jagular foramen Mandible  Ramus of mandible Body of mandible Angle of mandible Condylar Pterygoid fovea process Face and Parotid gland By Dr. Hadeel Sayed  Muscles of the face Lie in the superficial fascia They have bony origin All are inserted to skin of face All supplied by facial nerve Muscles of facial expressions  Facial Nerve Temporal Zygomatic Bucca l Mandibula Cervical r  Buccinator muscle Nerve supply: buccal branch of facial Action: Prevent food accumulation in vestibule of the mouth Whistling and blowing  Orbicularis oris Nerve supply: buccal branch of facial Action: Closure of mouth “Sphincter of mouth” Lip movements in speech  Orbicularis oculi Parts: Orbital part Palpebral part Lacrimal part Nerve supply: temporal and zygomatic branches of facial nerve Action: Orbital part: firm closure of eye Palpebral part: gentle closure of eye Lacrimal part: dilatation of lacrimal sac to drain tears Parotid Between ramus of mandible Gland and mastoid process Apex is 2 cm below and behind angle of mandible 3- accessory part  Parotid duct: Opens in the vestibule of mouth opposite the upper Masseter 2nd molar tooth