Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which movement involves a combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction?
Which movement involves a combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction?
- Circumduction (correct)
- Elevation
- Opposition
- Rotation
What is the primary function of the superficial fascia?
What is the primary function of the superficial fascia?
- Storing fat only
- Serving as a protective layer under the skin (correct)
- Facilitating nutrient exchange between tissues
- Providing strength to bones
What is found in the dermis layer of the skin?
What is found in the dermis layer of the skin?
- Fat cells only
- Blood vessels and nerves (correct)
- Epidermal cells exclusively
- Stratified squamous epithelium
Which anatomical region does not typically have deep fascia?
Which anatomical region does not typically have deep fascia?
Which of the following movements is defined as moving away from the midline?
Which of the following movements is defined as moving away from the midline?
What type of tissue forms membranes under the superficial fascia?
What type of tissue forms membranes under the superficial fascia?
Which of the following joints is a part of the upper limb?
Which of the following joints is a part of the upper limb?
Which layer of skin is stratified squamous epithelium?
Which layer of skin is stratified squamous epithelium?
What does the term 'Anatomy' refer to?
What does the term 'Anatomy' refer to?
What defines the anatomical position?
What defines the anatomical position?
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower parts?
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower parts?
What is the primary function of anatomical planes?
What is the primary function of anatomical planes?
Which of the following is NOT a type of anatomical plane?
Which of the following is NOT a type of anatomical plane?
What does the term 'supine position' refer to?
What does the term 'supine position' refer to?
Which of the following describes the paramedian plane?
Which of the following describes the paramedian plane?
Which directional term describes something that is further away from the midline of the body?
Which directional term describes something that is further away from the midline of the body?
What is the term that describes a movement toward the midline of the body?
What is the term that describes a movement toward the midline of the body?
Which anatomical term describes the movement of a structure closer to the point of origin?
Which anatomical term describes the movement of a structure closer to the point of origin?
What does the term 'Superficial' indicate in anatomical terminology?
What does the term 'Superficial' indicate in anatomical terminology?
Which of the following movements describes the action of turning the palm upwards?
Which of the following movements describes the action of turning the palm upwards?
Which term refers to movement that brings the ventral surfaces closer together?
Which term refers to movement that brings the ventral surfaces closer together?
What does 'Contralateral' mean in the context of anatomy?
What does 'Contralateral' mean in the context of anatomy?
Inversion of the foot refers to which of the following movements?
Inversion of the foot refers to which of the following movements?
Which term indicates movement away from the midline of the body?
Which term indicates movement away from the midline of the body?
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Study Notes
Anatomy
- The study of the structure of the body
- Derived from the Greek word "Anatome" meaning "to dissect or cut apart"
Anatomical Position
- Upright stance with arms straight and hands by hips, palms facing forward
- Feet parallel with toes pointing forward
Supine Position
- Body lying flat on the back
Prone Position
- Body lying flat on the front with face downwards
Anatomical Planes
- Median (Sagittal) Plane: Vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves
- Paramedian (Parasagittal) Plane: Any vertical plane parallel to the median plane dividing body into unequal right and left parts
- Coronal Plane: Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
- Horizontal (Transverse) Plane: Divides the body into upper and lower parts
Directional Terms
- Medial: Towards the median plane
- Lateral: Away from the median plane
- Superior (Cranial): Towards the head
- Inferior (Caudal): Towards the feet
- Proximal: Close to the point of origin or trunk
- Distal: Away from the point of origin or trunk
- Intermediate: Between two structures
- Anterior (Ventral): Towards the front of the body
- ** Posterior (Dorsal):** Towards the back of the body
- Superficial: Towards the surface of the body
- Deep: Away from the surface of the body
- Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
- Contralateral: On the opposite side of the body
Anatomical Terms of Movement
- Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline
- Adduction: Moving a limb towards the midline
- Rotation: Turning a limb around its long axis:
- Medial Rotation: Ventral surface moves towards the midline (pronation in the forearm)
- Lateral Rotation: Ventral surface moves away from the midline (supination in the forearm)
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two body parts
- Extension: Increasing the angle between two body parts
- Dorsiflexion: Extension at the ankle joint
- Plantar Flexion: Flexion at the ankle joint
- Inversion: Moving the sole of the foot inwards
- Eversion: Moving the sole of the foot outwards
- Elevation: Moving a body part upwards
- Depression: Moving a body part downwards
- Protraction: Moving a body part forward
- Retraction: Moving a body part backwards
- Circumduction: A circular movement combining flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
Anatomical Regions
- Head
- Neck
- Trunk:
- Thorax
- Abdomen
- Pelvis & External Genitalia
- Extremities:
- Upper Limb:
- Shoulder Joint
- Arm
- Elbow Joint
- Forearm
- Wrist Joint
- Hand
- Fingers
- Lower Limb:
- Gluteal Region
- Hip Joint
- Thigh
- Knee Joint
- Leg
- Ankle Joint
- Foot
- Toes
- Upper Limb:
Skin
- Largest organ in the body
- Epidermis: Outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium
- Dermis: Underlying connective tissue containing sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
- Subcutaneous Fat: Layer beneath the dermis
Fascia
- Connective tissue beneath the skin
- Superficial Fascia: Loose connective tissue beneath the skin, thicker in the trunk than limbs
- Deep Fascia: Condenses fibrous tissue that forms membrane beneath the superficial fascia, surrounds muscles, and forms septa between muscles
Deep Fascia
- Forms aponeuroses for protection in palms and soles
- Thickens around distal joints (e.g., wrist and ankle) to form retinacula
- Absent in specific regions like the face and anterior abdominal wall
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