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Questions and Answers
What is the most significant risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
What is the most significant risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
An ABI score of 0.85 indicates severe PAD.
An ABI score of 0.85 indicates severe PAD.
False
What diagnostic method is considered the golden standard for diagnosing peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
What diagnostic method is considered the golden standard for diagnosing peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Angiography
Patients with peripheral artery disease often experience __________ pain in their rest.
Patients with peripheral artery disease often experience __________ pain in their rest.
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Match the ABI scores with their corresponding PAD classifications:
Match the ABI scores with their corresponding PAD classifications:
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Which abdominal quadrant contains the liver and gallbladder?
Which abdominal quadrant contains the liver and gallbladder?
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Pain in the LLQ could indicate appendicitis.
Pain in the LLQ could indicate appendicitis.
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What is the primary determinant of cardiac output in a normal patient?
What is the primary determinant of cardiac output in a normal patient?
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The heart is relaxing during ______, allowing the ventricles to fill up with blood.
The heart is relaxing during ______, allowing the ventricles to fill up with blood.
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Match the conditions to the abdominal quadrants:
Match the conditions to the abdominal quadrants:
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What is preload?
What is preload?
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Cardiac systole takes up 2/3 of the cardiac cycle.
Cardiac systole takes up 2/3 of the cardiac cycle.
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What condition could pain in the RLQ indicate in females?
What condition could pain in the RLQ indicate in females?
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What indicates inflammation in the abdomen during an assessment?
What indicates inflammation in the abdomen during an assessment?
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A positive fluid wave test for ascites is indicated by the absence of a tap on the opposite hand.
A positive fluid wave test for ascites is indicated by the absence of a tap on the opposite hand.
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What is the term for the vibratory sensation indicating turbulent blood flow during a cardiac assessment?
What is the term for the vibratory sensation indicating turbulent blood flow during a cardiac assessment?
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The __________ is assessed at the left 5th ICS, medial to the midclavicular line.
The __________ is assessed at the left 5th ICS, medial to the midclavicular line.
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Match the assessment types to their definitions:
Match the assessment types to their definitions:
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Which of the following can indicate significant gastrointestinal changes?
Which of the following can indicate significant gastrointestinal changes?
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Stress has no impact on abdominal health.
Stress has no impact on abdominal health.
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What familial condition should be assessed due to its genetic link in gastrointestinal health?
What familial condition should be assessed due to its genetic link in gastrointestinal health?
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Checking for __________ can identify internal bleeding problems and is done annually.
Checking for __________ can identify internal bleeding problems and is done annually.
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During auscultation, which area is assessed at the right 2nd ICS?
During auscultation, which area is assessed at the right 2nd ICS?
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What does Ejection Fraction (EF) indicate?
What does Ejection Fraction (EF) indicate?
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A low Ejection Fraction of 40% indicates normal heart function.
A low Ejection Fraction of 40% indicates normal heart function.
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What is the significance of Grey Turner's Sign?
What is the significance of Grey Turner's Sign?
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The formula for Cardiac Output (CO) is ___.
The formula for Cardiac Output (CO) is ___.
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Match the following abdominal assessment signs with their meanings:
Match the following abdominal assessment signs with their meanings:
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Which of the following conditions is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms?
Which of the following conditions is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms?
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Hyperactive bowel sounds are a sign of normal digestive function.
Hyperactive bowel sounds are a sign of normal digestive function.
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What does the presence of absent bowel sounds for over 5 minutes indicate?
What does the presence of absent bowel sounds for over 5 minutes indicate?
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In a normal abdominal assessment, gastric tympany is indicative of ___.
In a normal abdominal assessment, gastric tympany is indicative of ___.
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Which of the following is not assessed during an abdominal examination?
Which of the following is not assessed during an abdominal examination?
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What is a hallmark symptom of left-sided heart failure?
What is a hallmark symptom of left-sided heart failure?
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Heart murmurs during diastole are usually considered innocent.
Heart murmurs during diastole are usually considered innocent.
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Name one condition that can cause heart murmurs.
Name one condition that can cause heart murmurs.
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In peripheral vascular disease, a key feature of PAD is __________, which occurs in one or both legs.
In peripheral vascular disease, a key feature of PAD is __________, which occurs in one or both legs.
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Match the following heart sounds with their corresponding phase:
Match the following heart sounds with their corresponding phase:
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of right-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of right-sided heart failure?
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S1 sound corresponds to the closing of the semilunar valves.
S1 sound corresponds to the closing of the semilunar valves.
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What does the grading of a heart murmur describe?
What does the grading of a heart murmur describe?
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In PVD assessment, during palpation, check for __________ and capillary refill.
In PVD assessment, during palpation, check for __________ and capillary refill.
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What does a thrill, graded as a level 5 heart murmur, indicate?
What does a thrill, graded as a level 5 heart murmur, indicate?
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Study Notes
Abdominal Quadrants
- RUQ (Right Upper Quadrant): Contains the liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, and right kidney. Pain here could indicate cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, or biliary colic.
- RLQ (Right Lower Quadrant): Contains the cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube (female), right ureter, and right spermatic cord (male). Pain could indicate appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or ectopic pregnancy.
- LUQ (Left Upper Quadrant): Includes the stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, and left kidney. Pain in this area could suggest PUD gastritis, ruptured spleen, or pancreatitis.
- LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant): Contains the left ovary and tube (female), left ureter, left spermatic cord (male). Pain here might indicate diverticulitis, kidney stone, or acute bowel obstruction.
Cardiac Cycle
- Systole is the heart contracting, pumping blood to the pulmonary and systemic arteries.
- Diastole is the heart relaxing, filling with blood.
- Preload is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole. Increased preload can be caused by hypervolemia, regurgitation, or heart failure.
- Afterload is the pressure/resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood. Increased afterload is linked to hypertension and vasoconstriction.
- Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute.
- Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped with each contraction, influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
- Heart rate (HR) is the speed of heartbeats per minute.
- CO = SV x HR
- Ejection fraction (EF) is the percentage of blood the left ventricle pumps out with each beat.
PVD Assessment
- Inspection of arms and legs for lesions, skin color, and edema.
- Palpation of arms and legs for temperature, pulses, and calf tenderness.
Heart Failure (Right and Left Sided)
- Right-sided heart failure symptoms include fatigue, ascites, enlarged spleen and liver, distended jugular veins, anorexia, complaints of GI distress, and swelling in hands/fingers with dependent edema.
- Left-sided heart failure symptoms include nocturnal dyspnea, elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary congestion, wheezing, coughing, crackles, blood-tinged sputum, tachycardia, restlessness, confusion, orthopnea, and fatigue.
Murmurs
- Murmurs can be heard on the chest wall, and can signify various conditions including increased blood velocity, decreased blood viscosity, or structural valve defects.
PAD (Peripheral Artery Disease)
- PAD is characterized by progressive narrowing of arteries, primarily caused by atherosclerosis.
- Key symptoms include intermittent claudication, pain with exertion (walking, etc.), rest pain, dry/scaly/pale/mottled/diminished skin (especially in the toes, arches, and heels), and absent pulses.
- Risk factors include smoking, high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle.
VTE (Venous Thromboembolism)
- Varicose veins can be associated with venous insufficiency and venous leg ulcers.
- VTEs include Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE), often caused by prolonged inactivity or certain medical conditions. Symptoms can include unilateral swelling, tenderness, pain, and warmth in the affected area.
- To prevent DVT: leg exercises, hydration, compression stockings, and avoidance of extended periods of inactivity are important factors.
Nutritional Assessments (Includes General Notes for Nutrition and Other Health Assessments)
- Nutritional assessments aim to identify malnutrition or risk and create a personalized nutrition plan.
- Key components of a nutritional assessment include the person's health history, eating patterns, lifestyle, and physical exam. 24-hour dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and anthropometric measurements assess current nutritional status.
- Malnutrition can present in multiple ways and can be caused by many factors like poor diets, poor consumption habits, illnesses, certain medications, and stress. Symptoms of malnutrition can affect various biological systems.
Other Diagnoses and General Symptoms
- Buerger's disease, a condition that often gets misread as PAD, is related to and caused by smoking.
- Raynaud's disease causes arteries that supply blood to the skin to narrow, resulting in reduced blood circulation to affected areas; this can be felt in the extremities.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the human anatomy focusing on the abdominal quadrants and the cardiac cycle. This quiz covers essential structures and functions, including common ailments associated with each quadrant. It's perfect for students of medicine or anyone looking to enhance their understanding of human physiology.
