Anatomy & Physiology: Urinary System Unit 13

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in urine production?

To filter blood components

To rid the blood of additional wastes (correct)

To conserve water and electrolytes

To reabsorb large proteins

Which component is NOT part of the filtration membrane in the kidneys?

Proximal convoluted tubule (correct)

Visceral layer of the Bowman capsule

Basement membrane

Fenestrated glomerular capillaries

What drives the process of filtration in the kidneys?

Osmotic pressure

Active transport mechanisms

Renal plasma flow rate

Blood pressure (correct)

Which of the following best describes tubular reabsorption?

The recovery of substances from the filtrate back into the blood Signup and view all the answers

How is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated?

Renal plasma flow rate x Filtration fraction Signup and view all the answers

What impact does kidney function have on blood pressure regulation?

Kidneys regulate urine production, which in turn affects blood volume and pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nephron is responsible for filtering blood?

Renal corpuscle Signup and view all the answers

How do kidneys contribute to the regulation of blood solute concentrations?

By filtering and reabsorbing specific ions and molecules from the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO) secreted by the kidneys?

To stimulate the synthesis of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What role do the kidneys play in regulating vitamin D synthesis?

They control blood levels of Ca2+ by regulating vitamin D synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the urinary system related to body fluids?

Regulation of blood solute concentrations Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the urinary system is responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Ureters Signup and view all the answers

How does the urinary system contribute to blood pressure regulation?

By controlling the volume of urine produced Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the urinary system affect red blood cell synthesis?

By producing erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary waste product formed from blood filtration in the kidneys?

Urine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

Protein digestion Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structures are primarily involved in urine storage before elimination?

Urinary bladder Signup and view all the answers

What role does the urinary system play in maintaining acid-base balance in the body?

By excreting or conserving hydrogen ions Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the activation of the micturition reflex?

Stretching of the urinary bladder wall Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the urinary bladder's capacity to distend?

Folds in the bladder wall Signup and view all the answers

During micturition, what happens to the external urethral sphincter?

It relaxes to allow urine to flow Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is present in the urinary bladder?

Transitional epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum volume the urinary bladder can hold before discomfort begins?

1 L Signup and view all the answers

What size and molecular mass of molecules are prevented from passing through the components of the Bowman capsule?

Larger than 7 nm or those with a molecular mass ≥ 40,000 daltons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of reabsorption for most solutes in the nephron?

Proximal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) have on the reabsorption process in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

Increases water reabsorption when present and makes the ducts impermeable when absent Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the Loop of Henle is primarily permeable to water?

Descending limb Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of tubular secretion in the nephron?

Eliminating harmful substances by moving them from blood to filtrate Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about osmosis is accurate in the context of tubular reabsorption?

Osmosis is the movement of water toward solutions with higher solute concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What role do podocytes play in the filtration process of the Bowman capsule?

They prevent filtration of larger molecules from entering the filtrate Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the nephron are K+ and H+ ions primarily reabsorbed under hormonal control?

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prayer Before Class

The prayer is directed to the Holy Spirit, the source of light and wisdom.
It asks for the dissipation of darkness (sin and ignorance).
It requests a penetrating mind, retentive memory, method, and ease of learning.
Guidance is sought for work progress, and completion.
The prayer concludes with a request through Jesus Christ, a plea for divine help, and a concluding phrase.

Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology: Unit 13 - The Urinary System

The module is part of a course in Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology at UST General Santos.
It covers Unit 13: The Urinary System.

Course Content

Urinary System Physiology
Urine formation and characteristics
Diseases relevant to the Philippines
Urinary disorders relevant to medical technologists
Diagnostic tests relevant to medical technologists

Unit Intended Learning Outcomes

Explain the urinary system in its normal state and pathophysiologic state.
Discuss the physiological tests and procedures.
Apply knowledge to actual health situations.

Formative Assessment: Guess the word (Multiple assessments)

Somioso
Rutbalu
Barptoeinor
Yiksden
Umrlugolse

Overview of the Urinary System

The urinary system involves two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
The diagram provides a visual representation of these organs.

Each kidney filters a large volume of blood

Kidneys filter a large volume of blood.
Wastes are collected and form urine.
An anatomical illustration of the kidney is presented.

Urine Characteristics

Urine typically consists of approximately 95% water.
Key components such as urea, chloride, sodium, and potassium are also present in urine, along with peptides, proteins, and other inorganic substances.

Functions of the Urinary System

Excretion: removes waste products from the blood.
Regulates blood volume and pressure.
Regulates blood solute concentrations.
Regulates extracellular fluid pH.
Regulates red blood cell synthesis (EPO).
Regulates vitamin D synthesis.

Urinary System Function: Excretion

Kidneys filter waste products from the blood.
Fluid and waste are captured and transported through tubes throughout the kidney.
Large molecules remain in the blood, while smaller molecules and ions are filtered.
Blood is transformed into urine.

Urinary System Function: Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure

Hydration status determines urine production.
Large volume → dilute urine.
Small volume → concentrated urine.
Urine is a mechanism to regulate blood pressure.

Urinary System Function: Regulation of Blood Solute Concentrations

Kidneys regulate major ions in the blood's concentration.
A diagram illustrating solute concentration regulation within the kidney is presented.

Urinary System Function: Regulation of Extracellular Fluid pH

Kidneys secrete variable amounts of H+ to regulate extracellular fluid pH.
This process helps maintain a balanced pH level.

Urinary System Function: Regulation of Red Blood Cell Synthesis

EPO (erythropoietin) promotes RBC synthesis in the red bone marrow.
This process addresses anemia conditions.

Urinary System Function: Regulation of Vitamin D Synthesis

Kidneys control calcium levels indirectly by regulating vitamin D synthesis.
UV radiation on the skin facilitates vitamin D production.

Renal Cortex

The outer region of the kidney.
Location of blood filtration structures.

Renal Medulla

The inner region of the kidney
Cone-shaped pyramids, tubes, and ducts are part of the medulla, functioning in fluid transport.
Urine modification takes place here.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney.
1.3 Million nephrons.
Distributed throughout the cortex and medulla.

Nephron Structures

Renal corpuscle (glomerulus & Bowman's capsule)
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Renal Corpuscle

Filters blood.
Returns filtered substances to the blood.
Helps conserve water and solutes.
Rid the blood of wastes.

Urine Production

Glomerular filtration.
Tubular reabsorption.
Tubular secretion.
Kidney sorts substances from the blood for either removal in the urine or return to the blood.

Filtration

Blood pressure forces fluid and small molecules out of the blood.
Filtered fluid is known as filtrate.
First step in urine production, where most substances except blood cells and proteins are filtered.
Filtration is indicated by the percentage of blood sent across the kidneys.

Filtration Membrane

Fenestrated glomerular capillaries
Basement membrane (visceral and parietal layers of Bowman's capsule)
Podocytes of the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
Prevents larger molecules from passing through.

Filtration Diagram and Pressures

Diagrammatic representation of glomerular capillary and capsular hydrostatic pressures and blood colloid osmotic pressure.
Filtration pressure is calculated as the difference between capillary and osmotic pressures.

Tubular Reabsorption

Movement of water and solutes from filtrate to blood.
Osmosis is essential in movement towards solutions with higher solute concentration.
Critical for preventing dehydration.

Tubular Reabsorption: PCT

Majority of reabsorption occurs in the PCT
Solutes and water are actively transported into the interstitial fluid and then into peritubular capillaries.

Tubular Reabsorption: Loop of Henle

Descending limb: permeable to water.
Ascending limb: impermeable to water and solutes.

Tubular Reabsorption: DCT & Collecting Duct

K+ and H+ reabsorbed.
Reabsorption is hormonally controlled (ADH).
ADH increases water reabsorption; without ADH, water is not reabsorbed.

Tubular Secretion

Reabsorption in reverse.
Movement of non-filtered substances from the blood.

Tubular Secretion: Hydrogen Ions

Hydrogen ions are secreted to maintain blood pH.

Checkpoint

Organs of the urinary system.
Functions of the urinary system.
Steps in urine formation.

Urine Movement

Urine flow pathway.
Micturition reflex mechanism.

Micturition Reflex

Bladder stretches when filled triggering reflex.
Walls of the bladder contain folds for expansion.
Transitional epithelium accommodates large volumes.
Smooth muscle contraction leads to urination.

References

VanPutte and Seeley (2020). Seeley's Anatomy & Physiology (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill

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Description

This quiz tests your knowledge on Unit 13 of the Anatomy and Physiology course focused on the Urinary System. You will explore urinary system physiology, urine formation, and pathophysiological conditions as they relate to medical technologists, with a special emphasis on diseases in the Philippines.