Anatomy & Physiology: Structure, Function, and Homeostasis

The body is built from atoms, molecules, cells, and tissues, all organized into systems that communicate and regulate. This module lays the groundwork by defining the language of anatomy, the principle of homeostasis, and the four basic tissue types that form every organ.

The skeleton provides a rigid framework, joints allow movement, and muscles pull on bones to produce action. This module examines the integumentary system, the axial and appendicular skeleton, joint classification, and the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

The nervous and endocrine systems are the body's communication networks, one fast and electrical, the other slow and chemical. This module explores neurons, action potentials, the central and peripheral nervous systems, sensory receptors, endocrine glands, and hormone signaling.

Blood, the heart, and a network of vessels form a closed transport system that delivers oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells while removing wastes. This module covers blood components, cardiac anatomy, the cardiac cycle, blood pressure, lymphatics, and the basics of innate and adaptive immunity.

The respiratory and digestive systems bring in oxygen and nutrients, while the urinary system filters blood and regulates fluid balance. This module examines ventilation, gas exchange, digestion, absorption, metabolism, nephron function, and the body's strategies for maintaining pH and electrolyte balance.

Reproduction ensures the continuity of life, and development transforms a single cell into a complex organism. This final module reviews male and female reproductive anatomy, gametogenesis, hormonal cycles, early development, and integrates all body systems around the theme of homeostasis.