Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam Review 2024

Anatomy & Physiology 2024: Final Exam Review Guide - Semester 1

• Unit 1: Chapter 1
  • Define anatomy and physiology.
  • Understand the levels of structural complexity in the human body (from simplest to most complex): cell, chemical, organelle, organ, organ system, organism, and tissue. Define each level.
  • What is homeostasis?
  • Differentiate between positive and negative feedback. Positive feedback is stimulatory, amplifying change and can disrupt homeostasis; negative feedback stabilizes variables, is inhibitory, and is more common.
  • Identify the three basic components of a control mechanism.
  • Identify anatomical position (fingers visible).
  • Identify anatomical areas: ventral cavity, dorsal cavity, abdominopelvic, cranial, spinal, thoracic, pelvic, and abdominal.

Unit 2: Chapter 3

• Define histology and how tissues are classified.
• Name and describe the four principal types of tissues.
• Detail the basic functions of epithelial tissue.

Unit 3: Chapter 5

• List the four types of bone by shape.
• Identify the tissue type of bone and the reasoning.
• Distinguish between compact and spongy bone.
• Explain osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts (their functions).
• Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons.
• Identify anatomical bones from a diagram.

Unit 4: Chapter 6

• Differentiate between joints, ligaments, and tendons.
• Describe the primary function of muscle tissue.
• Explain the sliding filament theory (identify thin and thick filaments).
• Detail a neuromuscular junction.
• Identify, location, and function of various muscles. (deltoid, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, etc.)

Unit 5: Chapter 7

• Describe the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and their subdivisions.
• Define a reflex arc, its components, and synapse.
• Explain the process of an action potential.
• Describe the four major brain areas (diencephalon, brain stem, cerebrum, and cerebellum) and their functions. Illustrate with a diagram.

Unit 5: Chapter 8

• Identify eye structures (retina, choroid, sclera, cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, lens, iris, optic nerve) and their functions.
• Differentiate between rods and cones in vision.
• Describe glaucoma, astigmatism, nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and cataracts.

Various Units

• Identify prefixes, roots, and suffixes for words.
• Detail how diagnostic tools are used in the human body. (e.g. calipers, centrifuge, X-ray, myogram, CT scan, MRI, PET, EEG, otoscope, microscope, ophthalmoscope, audiometer, Snellen chart).
• Identify and classify fingerprint types from diagram examples.
• Describe how to distinguish male and female skeletons and estimate height from skeletal remains.

Prepare for your Anatomy & Physiology Semester 1 Final Exam with this comprehensive review guide. Covering key concepts from Units 1 and 2, the quiz will test your knowledge on anatomy definitions, levels of structural complexity, and tissue classification. Mastering these topics is essential for a strong foundation in the subject.