Anatomy & Physiology Chapters 1 & 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

  • Anatomy and physiology are distinct fields with no overlapping areas.
  • Anatomy studies the function of structures, while physiology focuses on their structure.
  • Anatomy provides the foundation for understanding how structures function, which is the domain of physiology. (correct)
  • Physiology is the study of how tissues form and function, while anatomy focuses on organ systems.

Which level of structural organization is the basic unit of life?

  • Tissue Level
  • Cellular Level (correct)
  • Chemical Level
  • Organ Level

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Integumentary System?

  • Synthesis of Vitamin D
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Production of blood cells (correct)
  • Protection from external environment

Which organ system is responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout the body?

<p>Cardiovascular System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a receptor in a homeostatic system?

<p>To detect changes in the internal environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism?

<p>Regulation of body temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of positive feedback mechanisms?

<p>They amplify an initial stimulus, driving the body towards a specific endpoint. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the anatomical position?

<p>Feet pointing outwards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections?

<p>Transverse Plane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which directional term refers to a structure that is further away from the point of attachment to the body's trunk?

<p>Distal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cavity houses the lungs?

<p>Thoracic Cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The serous membrane that surrounds the heart is called the:

<p>Pericardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abdominopelvic quadrant contains the liver, gallbladder, and right kidney?

<p>Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ventral' refer to?

<p>The front side of the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical plane divides the body into equal left and right halves?

<p>Midsagittal Plane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the serous membrane lines the cavity?

<p>Parietal Layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of the body's structures is called:

<p>Anatomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following directional terms means 'closer to the body's trunk'?

<p>Proximal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'appendicular region' refers to:

<p>The upper and lower limbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of serous membranes?

<p>To reduce friction between moving organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the axial region?

<p>Arms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity contains the appendix?

<p>Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the visceral pericardium?

<p>To cover the heart's external surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which directional term refers to a structure that is located towards the midline of the body?

<p>Medial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a homeostatic system is responsible for detecting changes?

<p>Receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a process that utilizes positive feedback?

<p>Childbirth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body plane divides the body into equal left and right halves?

<p>Midsagittal Plane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major body cavity?

<p>Coronal Cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which serous membrane surrounds the lungs?

<p>Pleura (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules are considered inorganic due to the absence of carbon-hydrogen bonds?

<p>O₂ (oxygen gas) (A), NaOH (sodium hydroxide) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of alkali metals found in Group 1 of the periodic table?

<p>They are highly reactive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?

<p>Covalent Bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of a cation?

<p>Positive charge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which pH range will a solution be considered basic?

<p>pH &gt; 7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of water?

<p>High viscosity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the simple sugars known as?

<p>Monosaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for genetic storage?

<p>Nucleic Acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process by which atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell?

<p>Octet Rule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do buffers function in biological systems?

<p>They maintain stable pH levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of an amphipathic molecule?

<p>It has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond connects the nucleotides in DNA and RNA?

<p>Phosphodiester bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is fundamental to organic compounds?

<p>Carbon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do elements in the furthest left column of the periodic table share?

<p>They have 1 valence electron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of enzymes in biological systems?

<p>Catalyze biochemical reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many valence electrons do noble gases typically have?

<p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction releases energy by breaking down larger molecules?

<p>Hydrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share what in order to achieve stability as guided by the octet rule?

<p>Electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes lipids?

<p>They are not polymers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term best describes a phospholipid due to its dual nature?

<p>Amphipathic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To neutralize a solution containing hydrochloric acid, which would you need?

<p>A base (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when stomach acid is neutralized in the small intestine?

<p>A base; pH will increase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of mixture is created when table sugar completely dissolves in water?

<p>Solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as an organic molecule?

<p>C₆H₁₂O₆ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding elements in Group 1 of the periodic table?

<p>They readily lose one valence electron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phospholipids are critical because they:

<p>Are a major component of cell membranes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does adding a base to hydrochloric acid have?

<p>Neutralizes the solution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆, what is its importance?

<p>It is a simple sugar. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of structure and relationships between body parts.

Physiology

The study of function of body structures and how they work together.

Structure dictates function

The shape and organization of a body part determine how it works.

Levels of Structural Organization

Hierarchy from cells to organ systems: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal.

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Negative Feedback

Opposes a change, restoring balance (e.g., body temperature regulation).

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Positive Feedback

Amplifies a change, pushing the body to completion (e.g., childbirth).

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Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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Homeostatic System Components

Includes receptor, control center, and effector, which help maintain balance.

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Subatomic Particles

Protons (+), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (-) make up atoms.

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Common Elements in Body

Four key elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N).

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Valence Electrons Group 1

Group 1 (alkali metals) have 1 valence electron and are highly reactive.

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Valence Electrons Group 18

Group 18 (noble gases) have 8 valence electrons and are stable (except Helium has 2).

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Octet Rule

Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve 8 in their outer shell.

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Ionic Bonds

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, forming charged ions.

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Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons between atoms.

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Polar vs Non-polar Covalent Bonds

Non-polar: equal sharing (e.g., O₂). Polar: unequal sharing (e.g., H₂O).

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Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds between polar molecules, like those in water and DNA.

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Cations and Anions

Cations are positively charged ions (lost electrons), anions are negatively charged (gained electrons).

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pH Scale

pH measures hydrogen ion concentration: acidic (<7), neutral (=7), basic (>7).

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Acid Neutralization

Bases can neutralize acids, increasing pH in solution (e.g., bicarbonate for stomach acid).

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Phases of Water

Water exists in three phases: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (vapor).

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Function of Water

Water acts as a solvent, transports substances, and helps regulate body temperature.

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Biological Macromolecules

Key macromolecules: Carbohydrates (energy), Lipids (membranes), Proteins (functions), Nucleic Acids (genetics).

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Body Planes

Transverse divides top/bottom, Coronal divides front/back, Midsagittal divides left/right.

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Major Body Cavities

Dorsal cavity for brain/spinal cord; Ventral cavity for thoracic/abdominopelvic organs.

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Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.

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Coronal Plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

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Midsagittal Plane

Divides the body into equal left and right halves.

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Superior

A directional term meaning 'above'.

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Inferior

A directional term meaning 'below'.

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Ventral (Anterior)

Refers to the front side of the body.

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Dorsal (Posterior)

Refers to the back side of the body.

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Axial Region

Includes the head, neck, and trunk of the body.

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Appendicular Region

Includes upper and lower limbs (arms and legs).

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Dorsal Cavity

Contains the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord).

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Ventral Cavity

Includes the thoracic cavity (lungs, heart) and abdominopelvic cavity (digestive organs).

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Serous Membranes

Thin membranes covering organs and cavities, reducing friction.

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Visceral Layer

Covers the organ in a serous membrane.

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Pericardium

The serous membrane surrounding the heart.

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Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Contains organs like the stomach, spleen, and pancreas.

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Carbon

The foundational element of all organic compounds.

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Valence Electron (Group 1)

Elements in the furthest left column have 1 valence electron.

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Noble Gases

Elements in the furthest right column with a full valence shell (8 electrons).

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Lipids

Major components of cell membranes, specifically phospholipids.

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Amphipathic

Molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends.

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Neutralize Acid

A base is needed to neutralize an acidic solution.

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pH Change in Digestion

Using a base increases pH in the small intestine for digestion.

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Solution

A homogeneous mixture where the solute is completely dissolved in the solvent.

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Organic Molecule

Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and often other elements.

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Hydrophilic

Substances that are attracted to water.

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Hydrophobic

Substances that repel water.

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Biomolecules

Types of molecules essential for life including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

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Study Notes

Flashcard Quiz - Anatomy & Physiology (Chapters 1 & 2)

  • Atomic Structure & Chemical Elements

    • Q: What are the three subatomic particles and their charges?
    • A: Proton (+), Neutron (neutral), Electron (-)
    • Q: What are the four most common elements in the human body?
    • A: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N)

  • The Periodic Table & Chemical Bonds

    • Q: How many valence electrons do Group 1 and Group 18 elements have?

    • A: Group 1 (1), Group 18 (8, except Helium with 2)

    • Q: What is the Octet Rule?

    • A: Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve 8 valence electrons.

    • Q: What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?

    • A: Ionic (electron transfer), Covalent (electron sharing) - polar and nonpolar, Hydrogen bonds (weak attractions between polar molecules)

  • Ions & pH

    • Q: What are cations and anions?
    • A: Cations (+), Anions (-)
    • Q: What does pH measure?
    • A: Concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺)
    • Q: What is the pH scale range for acids, bases, and neutral solutions?
    • A: Acids (pH < 7), Neutral (pH = 7), Bases (pH > 7)
    • Q: How can you neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine?
    • A: A base (like bicarbonate - HCO₃⁻) increases pH.

  • Water & Its Properties

    • Q: What are the 3 phases of water?
    • A: Solid (ice), Liquid (water), Gas (vapor)
    • Q: What are the properties of water?
    • A: Cohesion, Adhesion, Surface Tension, Evaporative Cooling

  • Biological Macromolecules

    • Q: What are the 4 macromolecules and their functions?
    • A: Carbohydrates (energy), Lipids (cell membranes, energy), Proteins (structure, enzymes, transport), Nucleic Acids (genetic information)
    • Q: What kind of bond links nucleotides in DNA & RNA?
    • A: Phosphodiester bonds

  • Homeostasis & Feedback Mechanisms

    • Q: What are the 3 components of a homeostatic system?
    • A: Receptor, Control Center, Effector
    • Q: What’s the difference between negative and positive feedback?
    • A: Negative feedback reverses a change; Positive feedback amplifies a change
    • Q: What buffer system helps maintain blood pH?
    • A: Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

  • Directional Terms & Body Planes

    • Q: What are the 3 main body planes?
    • A: Transverse, Coronal, Midsagittal
    • Q: What are the correct directional terms?
      • A: Dorsal/Posterior, Ventral/Anterior, Superior/Cranial, Inferior/Caudal, Proximal, Distal

  • Body Cavities & Serous Membranes

    • Q: What are the major body cavities?
    • A: Dorsal (cranial & vertebral), Ventral (thoracic & abdominopelvic)
    • Q: What are the serous membranes and their locations?
    • A: Pericardium (heart), Pleura (lungs), Peritoneum (abdominal organs)
    • Q: What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants and their key organs?
    • A: RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ (specific organs listed in the original text)

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