Anatomy&Physiology Exam 1
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Questions and Answers

What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

  • Protons and Neutrons (correct)
  • Ions
  • Electrons
  • Orbitals

    • An atom is most stable when its valence shell has no electrons.

    False (B)

    Name the four most abundant elements in the human body.

    Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

    The type of bond formed by the transfer of electrons is called a __________ bond.

    <p>ionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical bond?

    <p>Neutron Bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kinetic energy is stored energy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organic compounds with their corresponding type:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Energy storage Proteins = Structural and functional roles Lipids = Long-term energy storage Nucleic Acids = Genetic information storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acids have a pH below ________.

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the anatomical position?

    <p>The body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'inferior' refers to a position that is above another structure.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'medial' indicate in anatomical terms?

    <p>Toward or at the midline of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skin is _____ to the skeletal muscles.

    <p>superficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the directional terms with their meanings:

    <p>Anterior = Toward the front of the body Proximal = Closer to the point of attachment Superficial = Toward the body surface Distal = Farther from the point of attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves synthesizing substances in the body?

    <p>Anabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which directional term means 'farther from the origin of a body part'?

    <p>Distal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth refers to the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart is medial to the arm.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main divisions of metabolism?

    <p>Catabolism and Anabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'visceral' refer to in anatomical terms?

    <p>Pertaining to the covering of an internal organ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ system is responsible for gas exchange in the body.

    <p>Respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organ systems with their primary functions:

    <p>Integumentary = Protection and temperature regulation Cardiovascular = Transportation of blood and nutrients Digestive = Breakdown and absorption of nutrients Nervous = Control and coordination of body activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ system is primarily involved in immune defense?

    <p>Lymphatic/Immune (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform different functions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of an organismal level of organization.

    <p>A human being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that refers to the plane dividing the body into left and right portions?

    <p>Sagittal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'visceral' refers to the membrane furthest from the internal organs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'medial' indicate in terms of body positioning?

    <p>Closer to the midline of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term _______ describes the vertical position meaning above.

    <p>superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the coronal plane in the human body?

    <p>Divides the body into front and back portions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'caudal' is synonymous with inferior.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Transverse = Divides body into upper and lower portions Anterior = Front of the body Lateral = Further from the midline Medial = Closer to the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term _______ refers to the plane that runs directly down the midline of the body.

    <p>midsagittal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of body cavities?

    <p>They protect, separate, and support internal organs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transverse plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the pleurae membranes surround?

    <p>The lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of the structure of body parts is known as _______.

    <p>anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following body planes with their descriptions:

    <p>Sagittal = Divides the body into right and left parts Frontal = Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse = Divides the body into superior and inferior parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of serous membranes?

    <p>To secrete lubricating fluid that reduces friction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cranial cavity contains the spinal cord.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define physiology.

    <p>The study of the function of body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'distal' refer to in anatomical terms?

    <p>Farther from the trunk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Superior' refers to a position below another part of the body.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the anatomical position that refers to the front side of the body?

    <p>anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term '______' is used to describe a position farther from the midline of the body.

    <p>lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>medial = Closer to the midline of the body transverse = Divides the body into upper and lower portions inferior = Position below another part of the body ventral = Refers to the belly or front side of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical term refers to a plane that divides the body into left and right portions?

    <p>Sagittal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Dorsal' refers to the belly side of the body.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the term 'proximal'?

    <p>Nearest or closer to the point of attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term '______' is derived from the word meaning 'internal organs'.

    <p>visceral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a position that is closer to the surface of the body?

    <p>Superficial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Protons and Neutrons

    Subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

    Electrons

    Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in electron shells.

    Valence Electrons

    Electrons in the outermost electron shell of an atom; determine stability.

    Ionic Bonds

    Chemical bonds formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, creating charged ions.

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    Covalent Bonds

    Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms, can be polar or nonpolar.

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    Hydrogen Bonds

    Weak attractions between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom (like O or N).

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    Chemical Reactions

    Processes where bonds are broken and formed, involving energy release or absorption.

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    Organic Compounds

    Carbon-based molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, crucial for life.

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    Body Planes

    Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body for visualization.

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    Sagittal Plane

    A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left parts.

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    Frontal Plane

    A vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.

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    Transverse Plane

    A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

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    Dorsal Body Cavity

    Space that contains the brain and spinal cord.

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    Ventral Body Cavity

    Space that contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

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    Serous Membranes

    Double-layered membranes that reduce friction in the ventral cavity.

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    Anatomy vs Physiology

    Anatomy studies body structure; physiology studies body function.

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    Catabolism

    The breakdown of substances into simpler molecules.

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    Anabolism

    The synthesis of substances to build complex molecules.

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    Homeostasis

    The ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

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    Differentiation

    The process of cells developing into specialized types.

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    Organ System

    Groups of organs that work together for a common purpose.

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    Integumentary System

    Includes skin, hair, and nails; protects and regulates temperature.

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    Nervous System

    Controls and coordinates body activities using the brain and nerves.

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    Respiratory System

    Includes lungs and airways; responsible for gas exchange.

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    Anatomical Position

    The body is upright, feet apart, palms forward.

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    Superior

    Toward the head or upper part of the body; above.

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    Inferior

    Toward the lower part of the body; below.

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    Anterior

    Toward the front of the body; in front of.

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    Posterior

    Toward the back of the body; behind.

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    Medial

    Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side.

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    Lateral

    Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side.

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    Proximal

    Closer to the origin of a body part or attachment point.

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    Coronal Plane

    Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.

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    Visceral Membrane

    Closest membrane to internal organs.

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    Parietal Membrane

    Farthest membrane from internal organs, closer to the body wall.

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    Medial Position

    Refers to being closer to the midline of the body.

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    Superior Position

    Denotes being above or toward the head.

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    Anterior Position

    Refers to the front of the body.

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    Ventral

    Refers to the belly side of the body.

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    Dorsal

    Refers to the back side of the body.

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    Distal

    Describes a point farther from the trunk or origin of a structure.

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    Study Notes

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes
    • Feedback loops are systems that monitor internal conditions and adjust them as needed

    Feedback Loops

    • Negative Feedback: The most common type, reversing changes to return to a set point. Examples include regulating body temperature, blood sugar, and blood pressure.
    • Positive Feedback: Amplifies changes, moving the body away from its set point. Examples are childbirth and blood clotting.

    Normal Body Temperature

    • A healthy adult's normal body temperature is around 98.6°F (37°C).

    Scientific Method

    • The steps are observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, and analysis.

    Critical Questions and Clinical Applications

    • Understanding digestive tract anatomy is crucial for grasping absorption, propulsion, and digestion.
    • Accurate descriptions of patient anatomy are essential during examinations and procedures.
    • X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are used to visualize structures.

    Fundamental Composition of Matter

    • Elements: Pure substances composed of only one type of atom.
    • Atoms: The smallest unit of an element retaining its properties, composed of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons).
    • Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
    • Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, electrons orbit in electron shells.

    Four Most Abundant Elements

    • Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

    Valence Electrons and Stability

    • Atom stability depends on the number of electrons in the outermost (valence) shell. Atoms are most stable with a full valence shell.

    Chemical Bonds

    • Ionic Bonds: Formed by electron transfer, creating charged atoms (ions).
    • Covalent Bonds: Formed by electron sharing (polar or nonpolar).
    • Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attractions between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom (often oxygen or nitrogen).

    Energy and Chemical Reactions

    • Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of bonds.
    • Energy can be released (exergonic) or absorbed (endergonic).
    • Kinetic energy is energy of motion, and potential energy is stored energy.

    Inorganic Compounds

    • Water: Crucial solvent, temperature regulator, and involved in many chemical reactions.
    • Salts: Important for various body functions.
    • Acids and Bases: Important for pH regulation. Buffers help maintain pH stability.

    Organic Compounds

    • Carbon-based molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) are essential to human functions.
    • These are built from monomers that combine to form polymers.

    Anatomical Position

    • The body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body.

    Regional Names

    • Examples include cephalic (head), cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), abdominal (abdomen), brachial (arm), antebrachial (forearm), carpal (wrist), femoral (thigh), crural (leg), pedal (foot).

    Directional Terms

    • These describe positions of structures in relation to each other. Superior/Inferior, Anterior/Posterior, Medial/Lateral, Proximal/Distal, Superficial/Deep, etc.

    Body Planes

    • Sagittal: Divides the body into left and right portions.
    • Frontal (Coronal): Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
    • Transverse (Horizontal): Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

    Body Cavities

    • Dorsal Body Cavity: Contains the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord).
    • Ventral Body Cavity: Contains the thoracic cavity (heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic cavity (digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs).

    Serous Membranes

    • Line the walls of the ventral body cavity and cover the organs.
    • They secrete fluid to reduce friction between organs and cavity walls.
    • Examples include pericardium (around the heart) and pleura (around the lungs).

    Body Planes

    • Sagittal/Midsagittal/Parasagittal: Divides the body into left and right portions. Midsagittal is the direct middle.
    • Coronal/Frontal: Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior).
    • Transverse (horizontal): divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

    Properties of Life

    • Organization: Living organisms exhibit complex structures.
    • Movement: Internal and external changes in position or location.
    • Metabolism: Chemical reactions within the body. Catabolic (break down) and Anabolic (build up)
    • Growth: Increasing size/amount of cells
    • Differentiation: Specialized cell development.
    • Responsiveness: Responding to stimuli.
    • Regulation: Maintaining homeostasis.
    • Reproduction Producing new cells/organisms.

    Levels of Organization

    • Chemical (Atoms and Molecules): Atoms combine to form molecules.
    • Cellular: Molecules combine to form cells. Cells are the functional units of organisms.
    • Tissue: Groups of similar cells working together.
    • Organs: Structures containing two or more types of tissues.

    Organ Systems

    • List of organ systems and their functions. Integumentary (protection), Skeletal (support), Muscular (movement), Nervous (control), Endocrine (hormones), Cardiovascular (blood), Lymphatic/Immune (defense), Respiratory (breathing), Digestive (digestion), Urinary (waste removal), and Reproductive (reproduction

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    Anatomy and Physiology 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the basic concepts of anatomy and atomic structure in this engaging quiz. Explore topics such as the particles in the nucleus, chemical bonds, and the anatomical position. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of biology fundamentals.

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