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Questions and Answers
What is the source of the facial artery?
What is the source of the facial artery?
Which muscle lies deep to the lingual artery as it travels towards the tongue?
Which muscle lies deep to the lingual artery as it travels towards the tongue?
Which arteries are given off by the lingual artery?
Which arteries are given off by the lingual artery?
What type of function does the maxillary nerve primarily provide?
What type of function does the maxillary nerve primarily provide?
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What anatomical feature does the mandibular nerve pass through to reach the pterygopalatine fossa?
What anatomical feature does the mandibular nerve pass through to reach the pterygopalatine fossa?
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Which muscle does the facial artery pass superiorly of during its course?
Which muscle does the facial artery pass superiorly of during its course?
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Which branch does NOT originate from the maxillary nerve?
Which branch does NOT originate from the maxillary nerve?
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What best describes the function of the mandibular nerve?
What best describes the function of the mandibular nerve?
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Which muscles are responsible for the retraction of the tongue?
Which muscles are responsible for the retraction of the tongue?
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What is the primary blood supply to the tongue?
What is the primary blood supply to the tongue?
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Which nerve is responsible for the general sensation of the posterior third of the tongue?
Which nerve is responsible for the general sensation of the posterior third of the tongue?
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The oral part of the tongue is primarily derived from which embryonic structure?
The oral part of the tongue is primarily derived from which embryonic structure?
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Which type of papillae on the tongue has no taste buds?
Which type of papillae on the tongue has no taste buds?
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What type of sensory innervation is responsible for pain, temperature, and discriminative touch?
What type of sensory innervation is responsible for pain, temperature, and discriminative touch?
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Which cranial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
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Which of the following nerves is involved in innervating the posterior one-third of the tongue?
Which of the following nerves is involved in innervating the posterior one-third of the tongue?
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What is the main function of the special visceral afferent (SVA) nerves?
What is the main function of the special visceral afferent (SVA) nerves?
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How does the internal laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve distribute its sensory innervation?
How does the internal laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve distribute its sensory innervation?
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Which division of the trigeminal nerve supplies the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which division of the trigeminal nerve supplies the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
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What structure forms the foundation of the soft palate?
What structure forms the foundation of the soft palate?
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Which of the following muscles is not part of the soft palate?
Which of the following muscles is not part of the soft palate?
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What is the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve as it provides sensory innervation?
What is the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve as it provides sensory innervation?
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In which anatomical location does the chorda tympani exit the skull?
In which anatomical location does the chorda tympani exit the skull?
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What is the function of the soft palate during deglutition?
What is the function of the soft palate during deglutition?
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Where are Fordyce spots located?
Where are Fordyce spots located?
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What is the anterior margin of the soft palate continuous with?
What is the anterior margin of the soft palate continuous with?
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Which structure hangs in the center of the soft palate?
Which structure hangs in the center of the soft palate?
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What defines the lateral border of the oral cavity?
What defines the lateral border of the oral cavity?
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The palatine glands are primarily responsible for what function?
The palatine glands are primarily responsible for what function?
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Which type of teeth are classified as permanent teeth?
Which type of teeth are classified as permanent teeth?
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What structure anchors each tooth in its socket?
What structure anchors each tooth in its socket?
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Which surface of the tooth faces toward the midline of the dental arch?
Which surface of the tooth faces toward the midline of the dental arch?
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What type of teeth are typically the first to emerge in children?
What type of teeth are typically the first to emerge in children?
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Which of the following arteries does NOT supply the oral cavity?
Which of the following arteries does NOT supply the oral cavity?
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What term describes the outer surface of a tooth facing the cheeks?
What term describes the outer surface of a tooth facing the cheeks?
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Which of these arteries is NOT branching from the external carotid artery?
Which of these arteries is NOT branching from the external carotid artery?
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How many deciduous teeth are typically present in children?
How many deciduous teeth are typically present in children?
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What is the primary function of the genioglossus muscle in the tongue?
What is the primary function of the genioglossus muscle in the tongue?
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Which nerve innervates the majority of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Which nerve innervates the majority of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
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What type of epithelial lining is found on the ventral surface of the tongue?
What type of epithelial lining is found on the ventral surface of the tongue?
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Which structure serves as the entry point for saliva from the submandibular glands?
Which structure serves as the entry point for saliva from the submandibular glands?
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What defines the structure known as the plica fimbriata?
What defines the structure known as the plica fimbriata?
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Which intrinsic muscle of the tongue is responsible for curling the apex upward?
Which intrinsic muscle of the tongue is responsible for curling the apex upward?
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Which of the following statements about the pharyngeal part of the tongue is correct?
Which of the following statements about the pharyngeal part of the tongue is correct?
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What is the role of the hyoglossus muscle?
What is the role of the hyoglossus muscle?
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Study Notes
Oral Cavity and the Tongue
- The oral cavity is the space between the lips/cheeks and the teeth.
- It has two main parts: the vestibule and oral cavity proper
- The vestibule: The space between the lips/cheeks and the teeth.
- The oral cavity proper: The space internal to the teeth that connects to the oropharynx
- Functions: Mastication, tasting, and talking
Key Structures
- Boundaries: Hard and soft palate
- Floor: Tongue (major structure)
- Salivary Glands: Major (Parotid, submandibular, sublingual); Minor (lingual, palatal, buccal, labial)
- Muscles: Mouth, cheeks, tongue, soft palate
Waldeyer's Ring
- Waldeyer's Ring includes: Adenoid tonsil, Two tubal tonsils, Two palatine tonsils, Lingual tonsil
External Anatomy
- Location: Between lips/cheeks (external) and palatoglossal fold (internal)
- Lip divisions: Upper and lower
- Lip features: Vermilion zone, Philtrum, labial commissures
- Functions: Mastication, tasting, talking
Lips
- Structure: Two soft, fleshy folds that surround the mouth opening.
- Outer covering: Skin
- Inner lining: Moist mucous membrane
Cheeks
- Location: Between the labial commissure and the mucosa overlying the mandible's ramus
- Structure/function: Has a muscular "skeleton" (buccinator m.) that keeps food between the teeth, guides it for swallowing, and shields internal structures (teeth and gums).
- Mucous-secreting glands (buccal glands) are found within the submucosal layer of cheeks.
Divisions of Oral Cavity
- Vestibule: Space between teeth and lips/cheeks
- Oral Cavity Proper: Internal to the teeth; connects to the oropharynx
Key Structures
- Boundaries: Hard and soft palate
- Floor: Tongue (major structure)
- Salivary glands: Major (parotid, submandibular, sublingual)
- Minor: Lingual, palatal, buccal, labial
- Muscles: Mouth, cheeks, tongue, soft palate
Waldeyer's Ring (Lymphatic Tissue)
- Adenoid tonsil
- Two tubal tonsils
- Two palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsil
Oral Cavity Divisions
- Vestibule: The space between the teeth, and the inner surface of the lips and cheeks.
- Oral Cavity Proper: The area internal to the teeth.
Oral Cavity Sensory Innervation
- Nerves: All sensory innervation to the oral region is supplied by the trigeminal nerve.
- Superior labial branch of the infraorbital nerve: Skin of the upper lip
- Mental nerve: Skin of the lower lip, chin, and facial gingiva.
- Buccal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve: Skin over the buccinator muscle before innervating the mucous membrane's inner surface and mandibular molars.
Venous Drainage
- Superior labial branch of the facial vein: Drains the upper lip and joins the facial vein.
- Inferior labial branch of the facial vein: Drains the lower lip and joins the facial vein.
- Mental vein: Drains the chin and lower lip and joins the pterygoid plexus of veins.
- Buccal vein: Drains the cheek and joins the pterygoid plexus of veins.
External Anatomy Muscles
- Orbicularis oris: Closes lips, protrusion, and pursing of lips
- Buccinator: Aids in mastication, keeps the bolus between teeth and checks.
Many Mucous-Secreting Glands
- Buccal Glands: Within submucosal layer of inside of the cheeks.
- Lined by: nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium.
- Continuing from the region between the lips and teeth, forming the Retromolar Region.
Oral Cavity
- The oral cavity is the space that starts at the lips and extends back to where the pharynx begins
- It has two main parts: the vestibule and oral cavity proper.
- The vestibule is the space between the lips/cheeks and the teeth
- The oral cavity proper is the larger area inside the teeth, where the tongue is found.
Oral Cavity: Boundaries
- Superior: Hard palate
- Posterosuperior: Soft palate
- Lateral: Cheeks
- Inferior: The floor of the oral cavity, which is located along the lingual border of the mandible, forming a horseshoe-shaped region.
Oral Cavity: Superior Border (Hard Palate)
- Comprises the anterior 2/3 of the entire palate.
- Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.
- Composed of palatal process of the maxilla and horizontal process of the palatine.
- Bones of the hard palate are covered by a thick mucous membrane (keratinized stratified squamus epithelium)
- Has an elevation (incisive papilla) in the anterior midline.
Oral Cavity: Posterosuperior Border (Soft Palate)
- Makes up 1/3 of the entire palate
- Soft palate separates the oral cavity from the oropharynx
- Three margins:
- Anterior: Continuous with the hard palate.
- Posterolat: Forms the superior part of the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds.
- Posterior: The uvula hangs in the center.
Oral Cavity: Muscles of the Soft Palate
- Tensor veli palatini: Pulls the soft palate laterally
- Musculus uvulae: Retracts uvula
- Levator veli palatini: Elevates soft palate
- Palatopharyngeus: Elevates the pharynx and larynx
- Palatoglossus: Elevates the root of the tongue
Oral Cavity:Lateral Border (Cheek)
- Extends from the labial commissure (front) to the ramus of the mandible (back)
- Superior limit: Maxillary vestibule
- Inferior limit: Mandibular vestibule
- Structures:
- Fordyce spots: Ectopic sebaceous glands on the inner surface.
- Parotid papilla: Opposite the 2nd maxillary molar
- Pterygomandibular raphe: Landmark for accessing the pterygomandibular space.
Oral Cavity: Inferior Border (Floor of the Oral Cavity)
- Located along the lingual border of the mandible.
- Horseshoe-shaped.
- Main structure: Mylohyoid muscle
- Includes the tongue and related musculature.
Teeth
- Embedded in the alveolar margins of the maxilla and mandible.
- Anchored by periodontal ligaments.
- Consist of crown, neck, and root.
Four Types of Teeth
- Incisors, canines, premolars, molars.
Tooth Surfaces
- Labial (anterior-lips), buccal (posterior-cheeks), lingual (tongue), mesial (towards midline), distal (away from midline), occlusal (chewing), incisal (cutting).
Basic Anatomy of a Tooth
- Crown: The enamel-covered portion.
- Root: The cementum-covered portion.
- Neck: Connects the crown and root.
- Enamel: Hard, shiny outer layer of the crown
- Dentin: Hard tissue below enamel
- Cementum: Hard tissue that covers the root.
- Pulp Cavity: Contains the pulp (connective tissue with nerves and vessels)
- Pulp chamber: In coronal portion of tooth
- Pulp canal: In root portion of tooth.
Vascular Supply of the Oral Cavity
- Arteries: Facial, lingual, and maxillary branches of the external carotid artery.
- Veins: Drain into the internal jugular vein.
Arterial Supply of the Tongue
- Lingual artery (from the external carotid artery)
- Provides superior and deep supply to the tongue.
- Dorsal lingual arteries: arise from the lingual artery giving off blood supply to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, soft palate and palatine tonsils.
- Sublingual arteries: Provides blood supply to the sublingual gland, surrounding muscles and mucosa
- Deep lingual arteries: arises from the lingual artery after the lingual branch is given off, gives off supply to the ventral surface of the tongue.
Venous Drainage of the Tongue
- Lingual vein: Collects blood from tributaries
(deep and dorsal lingual veins)
- It drains into the internal jugular vein
- Accompanying vein of hypoglossal nerve
- Runs alongside the hypoglossal nerve.
- Either merges with the lingual vein or travels independently to the facial vein.
- Empties into the internal jugular vein.
- Submental vein: Parallels the submental artery.
- Anastomoses (connects) with branches of the lingual vein.
Nerve Supply of the Oral Cavity
- Sensory innervation from branches of maxillary and mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve.
- Anterior 2/3: Lingual nerve and chorda tympani nerve (taste)
- Posterior 1/3: Glossopharyngeal nerve.
- Motor innervation from the hypoglossal nerve.
Salivary Glands
- Three pairs of major salivary glands: Parotid, submandibular, sublingual.
- Saliva: Mucous or serous consistency.
- Secrete saliva into the oral cavity to aid in digestion, mastication, and swallowing.
- Numerous minor salivary glands are ubiquitously distributed throughout oral mucosa.
Tongue
- Structure: Mass of striated muscle covered with mucous membrane.
- Attachments: Styloid process and soft palate superiorly; mandible and hyoid bone inferiorly.
- Division: Median fibrous septum divides into right and left halves.
Tongue: Landmarks
- Sulcus Terminalis: V-shaped groove separating parts
- Foramen Cecum: Initial site of thyroid development
- Median Fibrous Septum: Divides the tongue
Tongue Parts
-
Oral Part (Presulcal) (anterior 2/3)
- Development: Two lateral lingual swellings and tuberculum impar of 1st pharyngeal arch
- Mucosa: Keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
- Surfaces: Dorsal and ventral
- Papillae: Filiform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate.
- Glands: Mucous and serous glands.
-
Pharyngeal Part (Postsulcal) (posterior 1/3)
- Development: Hypobranchial eminence of 3rd pharyngeal arch
- Mucosa: Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Surfaces: Dorsal only
- Papillae: Absent
Tongue: Muscles
-
Extrinsic: Originate outside the tongue; attach to bone and soft palate
- Genioglossus: Protrusion
- Hyoglossus: Depression
- Styloglossus: Retrusion and elevation
- Palatoglossus: Elevation of tongue root
-
Intrinsic: Confined to the tongue, not attached to bone
- Superior Longitudinal: Shortens, lifts the tongue.
- Inferior Longitudinal: Depresses tongue tip.
- Transverse: Narrows/lengthens tongue
- Vertical: Broadens/flattens tongue.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the tongue, its blood supply, and sensory innervation. This quiz covers key questions about the lingual and facial arteries, as well as the nerves involved in the tongue's function. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or dental sciences.
