32 Questions
Which of the following is considered a major factor that determines blood pressure variation within and between populations?
Stress
What is the pathological feature associated with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy?
Ventricular wall stiffness
Which of the following substances is involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Angiotensin II
What is a compensatory mechanism for cardiac dysfunction?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Which of the following is a risk factor associated with hypertension?
Renal artery stenosis
What is the primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide in the body?
Reduce water and sodium retention
Which pathological feature is associated with ventricular fibrillation?
Inefficient contraction of the heart
Atherosclerosis is primarily determined by the diameter of which blood vessels?
Arterioles
Which of the following is a risk factor associated with hypertension?
High peripheral vascular resistance
Which system in the body involves the release of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone to regulate muscle constriction and fluid retention?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What is the main role of atrial natriuretic peptide in the context of atherosclerosis?
To counteract the effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of atherosclerotic plaques?
Formation of soft, yellow, grumous core composed mainly of lipid
Which of the following risk factors for atherosclerosis is modifiable?
Hypertension
What is the primary effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the context of atherosclerosis?
To increase blood pressure and fluid retention
What is the impact of smoking on atherosclerosis development?
Promotes the entry of lipids and macrophages into vessel walls
What is the main function of the SA node tissue in the heart?
To regulate the heart rate and rhythm
Why is the SA node tissue crucial for the heart's function?
It can form action potentials to regulate heart rate and rhythm
How does the SA node tissue differ from ventricular myocytes in terms of function?
It regulates the heart rate and rhythm by forming action potentials
What would happen if the SA node tissue did not function properly?
Abnormal heart rate and rhythm
Why is the SA node tissue referred to as the pacemaker of the heart?
As it regulates heart rate and rhythm by generating electrical impulses
What is the primary cause of morphological and clinical effects in left-sided congestive heart failure?
Congestion of the pulmonary circulation
Which of the following is a common consequence of right-sided heart failure?
Peripheral edema in the ankle
In left heart failure, what is the most common cause leading to failed left ventricular chamber function?
Aortic and mitral valvular diseases
Which organ shows Congestive hepatomegaly as a result of right-sided heart failure?
Spleen
What is the hallmark clinical feature that helps differentiate right-sided heart failure from left-sided heart failure?
Ankle (pedal) and pretibial edema
What is the key pathogenic event that involves monocyte adhesion to the endothelium followed by migration into the intima and transformation into macrophages and foam cells?
Endothelial injury
Which cellular component plays a crucial role in narrowing blood vessels in advanced complicated atherosclerosis?
Smooth Muscle Cells (SMCs)
What is the primary lipid type that accumulates mainly within the vessel wall in atherosclerotic plaques?
Cholesterol
Which of the following is a consequence of atherosclerotic plaques that leads to the recruitment of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and further macrophage accumulation?
Rupture of the fibrous cap
Which event marks the start of clotting in atherosclerosis by attracting clotting factors and eventually leading to thrombosis?
Factor release from activated platelets
What is the primary pathological feature associated with atherosclerosis?
Aneurysm formation due to plaque rupture
Which condition does NOT commonly result from structural or functional cardiac disorders causing heart failure?
Pulmonary embolism
Test your knowledge on the different nodes and bundles in the heart's electrical conduction system. Learn about the SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and bundle branches.
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