Anatomy of the Heart's Electrical Conduction System
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is considered a major factor that determines blood pressure variation within and between populations?

  • Atriopeptin
  • Prostaglandins
  • Endothelin
  • Stress (correct)

    • What is the pathological feature associated with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy?

  • Ventricular wall stiffness (correct)
  • Blurred vision
  • Increased heart weight
  • Persistent headache

    • Which of the following substances is involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

  • Prostaglandins
  • Atriopeptin
  • Angiotensin II (correct)
  • Kinins

    • What is a compensatory mechanism for cardiac dysfunction?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor associated with hypertension?

    <p>Renal artery stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide in the body?

    <p>Reduce water and sodium retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathological feature is associated with ventricular fibrillation?

    <p>Inefficient contraction of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atherosclerosis is primarily determined by the diameter of which blood vessels?

    <p>Arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor associated with hypertension?

    <p>High peripheral vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system in the body involves the release of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone to regulate muscle constriction and fluid retention?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of atrial natriuretic peptide in the context of atherosclerosis?

    <p>To counteract the effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Formation of soft, yellow, grumous core composed mainly of lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors for atherosclerosis is modifiable?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the context of atherosclerosis?

    <p>To increase blood pressure and fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of smoking on atherosclerosis development?

    <p>Promotes the entry of lipids and macrophages into vessel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the SA node tissue in the heart?

    <p>To regulate the heart rate and rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the SA node tissue crucial for the heart's function?

    <p>It can form action potentials to regulate heart rate and rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the SA node tissue differ from ventricular myocytes in terms of function?

    <p>It regulates the heart rate and rhythm by forming action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if the SA node tissue did not function properly?

    <p>Abnormal heart rate and rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the SA node tissue referred to as the pacemaker of the heart?

    <p>As it regulates heart rate and rhythm by generating electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of morphological and clinical effects in left-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Congestion of the pulmonary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common consequence of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Peripheral edema in the ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In left heart failure, what is the most common cause leading to failed left ventricular chamber function?

    <p>Aortic and mitral valvular diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ shows Congestive hepatomegaly as a result of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark clinical feature that helps differentiate right-sided heart failure from left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Ankle (pedal) and pretibial edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key pathogenic event that involves monocyte adhesion to the endothelium followed by migration into the intima and transformation into macrophages and foam cells?

    <p>Endothelial injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component plays a crucial role in narrowing blood vessels in advanced complicated atherosclerosis?

    <p>Smooth Muscle Cells (SMCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary lipid type that accumulates mainly within the vessel wall in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of atherosclerotic plaques that leads to the recruitment of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and further macrophage accumulation?

    <p>Rupture of the fibrous cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marks the start of clotting in atherosclerosis by attracting clotting factors and eventually leading to thrombosis?

    <p>Factor release from activated platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathological feature associated with atherosclerosis?

    <p>Aneurysm formation due to plaque rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition does NOT commonly result from structural or functional cardiac disorders causing heart failure?

    <p>Pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

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