Cardiology Review: The Heart and Conduction System

<p>Atrial fibrillation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&lt; 60 bpm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nifedipine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restore normal cardiac rhythm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventricular fibrillation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congestive heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid potential tolerance during treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They primarily affect the heart while minimizing lung effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predominantly peripheral vasodilatory actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation through conversion to nitric oxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their mechanism of action is similar to nitroglycerin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramuscular injection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are effective in managing chronic angina and hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases preload and decreases afterload (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should not be shaken to prevent breaking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metoprolol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Headache (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sit down to avoid fainting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 5 minutes up to 3 times (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a long-lasting effect without side effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease excitability of cardiac cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interferes with potassium efflux (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease conduction velocity in nodes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condition where blood pools in the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidepressants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amiodarone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eliminate excess sodium and water from the urinary tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When diuretics and vasodilators are ineffective and myocardial contractility is weak (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase the force of myocardial contractions without affecting oxygen consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small changes in dosage can lead to toxicity or loss of effectiveness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea, vomiting, and cardiac arrhythmias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhances the drug's action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antacids and laxatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a pump to deliver blood to body tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sinoatrial node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases heart rate and force of contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates an imminent myocardial infarction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aging and hardening of arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to tissue necrosis due to ischemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They supply blood to the myocardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates both heart rate and force of contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replacement of muscle tissue with scar tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classic angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The percentage of blood pumped out of a filled ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less blood is pumped out than what is returned to the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers that circulate blood through the body.

Heart valves control the direction of blood flow through the heart.

The heart muscle. Its powerful contractions pump blood.

A specialized network of fibers that create and conduct electrical impulses for heart contraction.

The sinoatrial node; the heart's natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses.

The atrioventricular node; a relay point in the heart's electrical system.

Blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen.

A condition where the heart isn't effectively pumping blood, causing fluid buildup.

A disease where blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced due to narrowed coronary arteries.

Hardening and stiffening of artery walls, common with age.

Fatty deposits (plaques) buildup inside arteries, narrowing them.

Chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle.

A heart attack; a serious event where part of the heart muscle dies due to lack of blood.

Nitroglycerin opens blood vessels, reducing workload on the heart and easing chest pain by vasodilation, primarily targeting venous circulation.

Nitroglycerin transforms into nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator, widening blood vessels ultimately decreasing oxygen demands and blood pressure, reducing workload of the heart to lower pain.

Preventing angina by reducing the frequency of painful episodes

Used to relieve the sharp pain of an angina attack.

Place the medication under the tongue, let it dissolve to allow rapid absorption into bloodstream.

Headache, flushing, and dizziness due to vasodilation.

A maximum of three doses within a timeframe to address an acute angina attack. After three doses if pain persists, seek immediate help.

Nitroglycerin comes in many forms: Sublingual tablets and spray for acute attacks, Ointment and oral/topical patches for prevention. IV form exists for emergencies

Calcium channel blockers that are potent vasodilators.

Calcium channel blockers with stronger negative inotropic effects (affecting heart muscle contraction).

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

Arrhythmias starting in the atria or AV node (top of heart).

Arrhythmias originating below the AV node (bottom of heart).

Rapid heart rate (over 100 bpm).

Slow heart rate (below 60 bpm).

Abnormal areas in the heart that generate irregular heartbeats.

Antiarrhythmic drugs that block sodium channels, affecting heart excitation and conduction.

Drugs that inhibit calcium entry into heart and vascular cells, reducing heart work and blood vessel tone.

Typical symptoms include tiredness, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, and swelling (edema).

Often involves vasodilators and beta-blockers to lower peripheral resistance and blood pressure, improving heart function.

A specific class 2 antiarrhythmic drug available as tablets.

Class 4 antiarrhythmics, commonly used to treat supraventricular tachycardias, also effective against hypertension & angina. Supplied as tablets/capsules and intravenous injection.

Diuretics help eliminate excess sodium and water from the body through urination. This reduces blood volume, swelling (edema), and the workload of the heart.

Digoxin is used as a third-line treatment option for heart problems when other therapies like diuretics and vasodilators haven't been successful. It's also used when the heart muscle itself is weak and can't pump effectively.

Cardiac glycosides are a group of drugs derived from plants like Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata. They are often used to treat heart failure and some types of irregular heartbeat.

Cardiac glycosides increase the strength of heart contractions in heart failure without increasing oxygen consumption by the heart. This results in stronger, faster contractions, allowing the heart to pump more blood with each beat.

Digoxin is available as a pill (oral) or as an injection (intravenous). It can be given in a rapid dose initially (digitalization) to quickly reach effective levels in the body. Then a smaller, daily dose is used to maintain those levels.

A narrow therapeutic index means that the difference between a safe and effective dose and a toxic dose is very small. This means careful monitoring is crucial to avoid harmful side effects.

Adverse effects of cardiac glycosides are usually caused by overdose and can include nausea, vomiting, headache, vision problems, and skin rashes. More serious effects like irregular heartbeat, extra heartbeats, fast heart rhythms, and even heart arrest can occur. These effects can be treated by stopping the drug, replacing potassium levels, and using anti-arrhythmic medications.

Cardiac glycosides are highly sensitive to changes in electrolytes like potassium, calcium, and sodium. Low potassium levels increase the risk of toxicity, while high potassium levels reduce their effectiveness. High calcium levels enhance the action of cardiac glycosides.

A period of time each day where a patient on maintenance nitrate therapy should avoid taking nitrates to prevent tolerance development.

Beta blockers block beta receptors in the heart, reducing heart rate and force of contraction, leading to lower oxygen demand and workload.

A beta blocker that affects multiple areas of the body, including the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and kidneys.

A beta blocker that primarily targets the heart, minimizing effects on other organs.

Nitrate medications used to treat angina, with dinitrate for acute attacks and mononitrate for long-term maintenance.

Isosorbide nitrates act like nitroglycerin, by dilating blood vessels to reduce heart workload and oxygen demand, easing chest pain.