Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
What is the primary mechanism of action of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
Which adverse effect is specifically associated with verapamil?
Which adverse effect is specifically associated with verapamil?
Which type of arrhythmia originates in the atria or AV nodal area?
Which type of arrhythmia originates in the atria or AV nodal area?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the heart rate classification for bradycardia?
What is the heart rate classification for bradycardia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of antiarrhythmic drugs is known for possessing local anesthetic activity?
Which class of antiarrhythmic drugs is known for possessing local anesthetic activity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which calcium channel blocker is specifically associated with reflex tachycardia?
Which calcium channel blocker is specifically associated with reflex tachycardia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main goal of antiarrhythmic drugs?
What is the main goal of antiarrhythmic drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following arrhythmias is considered the most serious?
Which of the following arrhythmias is considered the most serious?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors can lead to the development of arrhythmias?
Which of the following factors can lead to the development of arrhythmias?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of the daily nitrate administration tip for patients on nitrate therapy?
What is the main purpose of the daily nitrate administration tip for patients on nitrate therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the action of selective beta-blockers?
Which of the following best describes the action of selective beta-blockers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with non-selective beta-blockers?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with non-selective beta-blockers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic effect of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
What is a characteristic effect of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of Nitroglycerin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Nitroglycerin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate?
Which of the following is true about isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a method of administration for Nitroglycerin?
Which of the following is NOT a method of administration for Nitroglycerin?
Signup and view all the answers
When advising a patient about the use of beta-blockers, which of the following should be emphasized?
When advising a patient about the use of beta-blockers, which of the following should be emphasized?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of Nitroglycerin on preload and afterload?
What is the effect of Nitroglycerin on preload and afterload?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a recommended practice regarding the handling of tablets containing medicinal substances?
What is a recommended practice regarding the handling of tablets containing medicinal substances?
Signup and view all the answers
Which beta-blocker is classified as selective?
Which beta-blocker is classified as selective?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with Nitroglycerin?
Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with Nitroglycerin?
Signup and view all the answers
What should patients do before using sublingual Nitroglycerin?
What should patients do before using sublingual Nitroglycerin?
Signup and view all the answers
How often can a patient repeat the use of Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets for acute angina if symptoms persist?
How often can a patient repeat the use of Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets for acute angina if symptoms persist?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about Nitroglycerin is incorrect?
Which statement about Nitroglycerin is incorrect?
Signup and view all the answers
Nitroglycerin is contraindicated if the patient has taken which type of medication?
Nitroglycerin is contraindicated if the patient has taken which type of medication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary action of Class 2 antiarrhythmics?
What is a primary action of Class 2 antiarrhythmics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a notable side effect of beta blockers?
What is a notable side effect of beta blockers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism by which Amiodarone affects cardiac activity?
What is the mechanism by which Amiodarone affects cardiac activity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of Class 4 antiarrhythmics?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Class 4 antiarrhythmics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Which of the following best describes congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment option is NOT typically used for CHF?
Which treatment option is NOT typically used for CHF?
Signup and view all the answers
What specific agent is used for ventricular arrhythmias when other drugs are ineffective?
What specific agent is used for ventricular arrhythmias when other drugs are ineffective?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect do calcium channel blockers typically have on the heart?
What effect do calcium channel blockers typically have on the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of diuretics in cardiac therapy?
What is the primary purpose of diuretics in cardiac therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
When is digoxin typically considered for treatment?
When is digoxin typically considered for treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of cardiac glycosides like digoxin?
What is a characteristic of cardiac glycosides like digoxin?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a narrow therapeutic index indicate in the context of cardiac glycosides?
What does a narrow therapeutic index indicate in the context of cardiac glycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
Which electrolyte imbalance can sensitize the heart to digoxin toxicity?
Which electrolyte imbalance can sensitize the heart to digoxin toxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
What are common adverse effects of cardiac glycoside overdose?
What are common adverse effects of cardiac glycoside overdose?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does hypercalcemia have on the action of cardiac glycosides?
What effect does hypercalcemia have on the action of cardiac glycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following can reduce digoxin absorption?
Which of the following can reduce digoxin absorption?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the heart?
What is the primary function of the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the heart conduction system initiates electrical impulses?
Which part of the heart conduction system initiates electrical impulses?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does norepinephrine have on the heart?
What effect does norepinephrine have on the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these is a symptom of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Which of these is a symptom of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Signup and view all the answers
What differentiates unstable angina from classic angina?
What differentiates unstable angina from classic angina?
Signup and view all the answers
Arteriosclerosis is primarily associated with which of the following conditions?
Arteriosclerosis is primarily associated with which of the following conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about myocardial infarction (MI) is true?
Which statement about myocardial infarction (MI) is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do the coronary arteries play in heart function?
What role do the coronary arteries play in heart function?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the autonomic nervous system influence heart function?
How does the autonomic nervous system influence heart function?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common consequence of myocardial infarction?
What is a common consequence of myocardial infarction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of angina is characterized by chest pain during exertion due to fixed obstruction?
Which type of angina is characterized by chest pain during exertion due to fixed obstruction?
Signup and view all the answers
The term ejection fraction is best defined as:
The term ejection fraction is best defined as:
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to blood flow during congestive heart failure?
What happens to blood flow during congestive heart failure?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cardiology Review: The Heart
- The heart is a pump, primarily muscle, delivering blood to body tissues.
- The heart's four chambers have muscular walls that generate the force for blood circulation.
- Three components vital for a functional heart are muscle (myocardium), conduction system (impulses), and nerve supply.
Conduction System
- The electrical impulse normally begins in the SA node, travels through the AV node, and then is distributed via the bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers to the ventricles.
- Specialized conduction fibers in the myocardium initiate and sustain heart contraction.
- The heart's inherent electrical stimulation allows for its self-initiated contractions.
- The coordinated contraction of heart chambers results from the precise order of electrical impulse transmission.
- An ECG (electrocardiogram) visually represents the depolarization and repolarization phases of the electrical conduction.
Nerve Supply
- The heart muscle (myocardium) is controlled by the autonomic nervous system's sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
- Sympathetic (fight-or-flight) stimulation increases heart rate and contractile force (norepinephrine).
- Parasympathetic (rest) stimulation decreases heart rate and contractile force (acetylcholine).
- The nervous system regulates both the rate and force of heart contraction.
Main Diseases of the Heart
- Congestive/Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Arteriosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis
- Angina Pectoris
- Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- The heart struggles to adequately pump blood, leading to fluid buildup (edema) in the body.
- CHF symptoms include swelling in the lungs (pulmonary edema), lower extremities (peripheral edema), tiredness, shortness of breath (dyspnea).
- Treatment may involve medications like vasodilators and beta-blockers, and diuretics to reduce fluid.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Insufficient blood flow to the myocardium through coronary arteries.
- It is often linked to arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries) and atherosclerosis (plaque buildup).
- CAD can lead to angina pectoris (chest pain) due to temporary insufficient oxygen supply to the muscles. Different types of angina have varying characteristics.
- Myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious complication of CAD, involving the death of heart muscle tissue due to blockage of a coronary vessel.
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- This is a critical event with symptoms of chest pain, which may involve the blockage of a coronary artery.
- Damage to heart muscle results, which may subsequently lead to conditions like heart failure.
Antianginal Drugs
- Medications like nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers are frequently treatments for chest pain associated with CAD.
- Nitrates work by opening (dilating) blood vessels, reducing blood pressure, and relieving pain associated with insufficient oxygen to heart cells.
- Beta-blockers reduce heart rate and contractility.
- Calcium channel blockers reduce the heart's workload by dilating the coronary blood vessels.
Arrhythmias
- Arrhythmias represent irregular heartbeats that originate from an abnormal heart rhythm.
- Arrhythmias may stem from issues such as damaged hearts (e.g., from a previous coronary event), or from drug actions or interactions.
- Medications like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or digoxin treat heart rhythm disorders.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the anatomy and physiology of the heart, focusing on its structure and function. It covers the heart's chambers, muscle components, conduction system, and nerve supply. Test your knowledge on how the heart pumps blood and the electrical impulses that regulate its activity.
