Anatomy of Joints, Tendons & Ligaments
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a tendon?

  • To connect bones together at joints
  • To produce synovial fluid in joints
  • To provide shock absorption in joints
  • To connect muscle to bone (correct)

    • What type of tissue is cartilage composed of?

  • Nervous tissue
  • Fibrous and viscoelastic connective tissue (correct)
  • Elastic connective tissue
  • Muscular tissue

    • What is the primary function of a ligament?

  • To produce synovial fluid in joints
  • To connect muscle to bone
  • To connect bones together at joints (correct)
  • To provide shock absorption in joints

    • What is the term for a site where two or more bones or other skeletal components are joined together?

    <p>Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ligaments in joint stabilization?

    <p>To provide stability to joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by bones connected by dense regular connective tissue with no joint cavity?

    <p>Fibrous joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is found in synchondroses?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a bony junction that forms when fibrous joints ossify and fuse in middle age?

    <p>Synostoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ligaments in joints?

    <p>To stabilize the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ligament is found in gomphoses?

    <p>Periodontal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of the articular capsule composed of?

    <p>Dense irregular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synovial fluid?

    <p>To nourish the cartilage and act as a lubricant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of nerves in synovial joints?

    <p>To monitor stretch and detect pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ligaments are thickened parts of the fibrous capsule?

    <p>Capsular ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage covers the ends of the articulating bones in synovial joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the TMJ?

    <p>Diathrotic joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is found in the TMJ?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the synovial fluid in the TMJ?

    <p>To protect and lubricate the articulating bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the articular disc composed of?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the head and neck of the condyloid process in the TMJ?

    <p>A fibrous capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the synovial membrane?

    <p>To lubricate the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is characterized by its elastic properties?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tendons in relation to joints?

    <p>To transmit and withstand tensile loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of extrinsic ligaments in joint stabilization?

    <p>To prevent excessive motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of fibrous cartilage?

    <p>It is found in the TMJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction between bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is found in sympheses joints?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for joints that are slightly movable?

    <p>Amphiarthroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for joints that are immovable?

    <p>Synarthroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the space within a synovial joint?

    <p>Joint cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the TMJ characterized as?

    <p>Multi-axial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the disc attach to in the TMJ?

    <p>Mandibular condyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stylomandibular ligament?

    <p>Tightens with protrusion of the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is the strongest of the four muscles of mastication?

    <p>Masseter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the medial pterygoid muscle?

    <p>Coronoid process and ramus of mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

    <p>Depresses, retracts, and moves laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the TMJ ligament?

    <p>Reinforces the inferior portion of the capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the sphenomandibular ligament run from?

    <p>Spine of the sphenoid to the ramus of the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the temporalis muscle?

    <p>Elevates and retracts the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the division of the disc that attaches to the condylar neck?

    <p>Lower division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cartilage in synovial joints?

    <p>To absorb shock and reduce friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue is characteristic of the extracellular matrix of cartilage?

    <p>Proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the condylar process to the temporal bone in the TMJ?

    <p>The articular disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity and synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fibrous capsule in a synovial joint?

    <p>To stabilize the joint and provide a framework for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is found in synovial joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the synovial fluid in synovial joints?

    <p>To nourish cartilage and function as a lubricant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of synovial joints?

    <p>Presence of a joint cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue makes up the inner layer of the articular capsule?

    <p>Loose connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chondrocytes in cartilage?

    <p>To maintain cartilage matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the joint that connects the mandible to the skull?

    <p>Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nerves in synovial joints?

    <p>To detect pain and monitor stretch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of the articular capsule composed of?

    <p>Fibrous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage unites the bones in synchondroses?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage covers the ends of the articulating bones in synovial joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of synovial joints?

    <p>Freely movable joints with a fluid-filled joint cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the reinforcing ligaments in synovial joints?

    <p>To strengthen the joint capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction and facilitate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is found in the pubic symphysis of the pelvis?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the joint capsule in synovial joints?

    <p>To provide strength and stability to the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is characterized by its elastic properties?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chondrocytes in cartilage?

    <p>To produce the organic matrix of cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the joint capsule that surrounds the articulating bones in a synovial joint?

    <p>Articular capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ligament?

    <p>To stabilize the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of connective tissue found in tendons and ligaments?

    <p>Dense regular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the cartilage found in the TMJ compared to other synovial joints?

    <p>It has a thin proliferative zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the joint capsule in the TMJ?

    <p>To provide structural support to the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the TMJ articular disc?

    <p>It is a type of fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the synovial membrane in the TMJ?

    <p>To produce synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the region where the articular disc attaches to the condylar neck?

    <p>Division of the disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is characterized by its elastic properties?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the TMJ ligament?

    <p>To prevent excessive retraction of the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity and synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the medial pterygoid muscle?

    <p>To elevate and protract the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is found in the TMJ?

    <p>Fibrous cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cartilage in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction between bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the stylomandibular ligament?

    <p>To tighten with protrusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the TMJ characterized as?

    <p>Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sphenomandibular ligament?

    <p>To connect the spine of the sphenoid to the ramus of the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

    <p>To elevate and protract the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chondrocytes in cartilage?

    <p>To maintain the extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of synovial joints?

    <p>Presence of a joint cavity and synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is characterized by its high elasticity?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the condylar process to the temporal bone in the TMJ?

    <p>TMJ ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of the articular capsule composed of?

    <p>Fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint has a joint cavity and is characterized by the presence of synovial fluid?

    <p>Diarthroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of cartilage found in synovial joints?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is the TMJ an example of?

    <p>Diarthroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structure that connects the mandible to the skull?

    <p>TMJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of joint that is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity and synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chondrocytes in cartilage?

    <p>To maintain the structure of cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity and synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is characterized by its white, dense, and glossy appearance?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the stylomandibular ligament in the TMJ?

    <p>To limit the movement of the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the joint capsule is responsible for producing synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chondrocytes in cartilage?

    <p>To secrete and maintain the cartilaginous matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is characterized by a high percentage of elastin and proteoglycans?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the synovial membrane in synovial joints?

    <p>To produce and secrete synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the joint capsule in synovial joints?

    <p>To provide mechanical support to the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the cartilage found in the TMJ compared to other synovial joints?

    <p>It is composed of fibrous cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique characteristic of the condylar cartilage in the TMJ?

    <p>It has a thin proliferative zone separating fibrocartilaginous and hyaline-like zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the synovial membrane cells in the TMJ?

    <p>To synthesize a watery fluid for protection and lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the articular disc in the TMJ?

    <p>To divide the joint cavity into two regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the TMJ classified as?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the head and neck of the condyloid process in the TMJ?

    <p>Fibrous capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chondrocytes in cartilage?

    <p>To maintain the cartilage matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the cartilage found in the TMJ compared to other synovial joints?

    <p>It is composed of fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the joint capsule in synovial joints?

    <p>To provide structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is found in the pubic symphysis of the pelvis?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of fibrous cartilage?

    <p>Provides strength and flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the medial pterygoid muscle?

    <p>to elevate and protract the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attachment point of the upper division of the articular disc?

    <p>the post-glenoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament tightens with protrusion of the mandible?

    <p>stylomandibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the TMJ ligament?

    <p>to prevent excessive retraction of the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is NOT found in synovial joints?

    <p>bone cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

    <p>to protract and laterally move the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attachment point of the TMJ ligament?

    <p>the tubercle of the zygomatic process to the neck of the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sphenomandibular ligament?

    <p>to provide a landmark for local anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT a muscle of mastication?

    <p>sternocleidomastoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the TMJ that allows for movement in more than one plane?

    <p>it is a ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Joints

    • A joint is a site where two or more bones or other skeletal components are joined together.

    Classification of Joints

    • Functional Classification:
      • Synarthroses (immovable joints)
      • Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)
      • Diarthroses (freely movable joints)
    • Structural Classification:
      • Bony fusion
      • Fibrous
      • Cartilagenous
      • Synovial

    Types of Joints

    • Fibrous Joints:
      • Bones connected by dense regular connective tissue
      • No joint cavity
      • Slightly immovable or not at all
      • Examples: Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses
    • Cartilagenous Joints:
      • Articulating bones united by cartilage
      • No joint cavity
      • Slightly movable
      • Examples: Synchondroses (hyaline cartilage), Sympheses (fibrocartilage)
    • Synovial Joints:
      • Most of the body's joints
      • All are diarthrotic (freely movable)
      • All contain fluid-filled joint cavity
      • Examples: Knees, elbows, hips, TMJ

    Synovial Joints Structure

    • Articular Cartilage:
      • Hyaline cartilage covers articulating bones
      • Protects bones from being crushed
    • Joint Cavity:
      • Potential space between articulating bones
      • Contains synovial fluid
    • Synovial Membrane:
      • Covers joint cavity except over articular cartilages
      • Secretes lubrication fluid (synovial fluid)
    • Capsule:
      • Fibrous capsule surrounding joint
      • May have intrinsic ligaments
    • Extrinsic Ligaments:
      • Support joint and connect articulating bones
      • Prevent excessive motion

    Tendons and Ligaments

    • Tendons:
      • Attach muscle to bone
      • Transmit and withstand tensile loads
      • More stiff
    • Ligaments:
      • Attach bone to bone
      • Assist in stabilization of joint structures
      • Less stiff

    TMJ (Temporomandibular Joint)

    • Joint Capsule:
      • Fibrous capsule surrounds head and neck of condyloid process
    • Joint Interior:
      • Synovial joint with articulating bones covered with cartilage
      • Condylar cartilage has fibrocartilaginous and hyaline-like character
    • Articular Disc:
      • Divides joint cavity into two regions
      • Fibrocartilage disc (meniscus)
      • Can degenerate with age or trauma or mechanical stress
      • Can also become dislocated### Joints
    • A joint is a site where two or more bones or other skeletal components are joined together.
    • Classification of joints: Functional (based on the amount of movement) and Structural (based on the material binding them and the presence or absence of a joint cavity).

    Functional Classification of Joints

    • Synarthroses: immovable joints
    • Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
    • Diarthroses: freely movable joints

    Structural Classification of Joints

    • Bony Fusion (Synostosis): bones united by bone only
    • Fibrous: bones connected by dense regular connective tissue
    • Cartilagenous: bones united by cartilage only
    • Synovial: diarthrotic joints with a joint cavity

    Synovial Joints

    • Characteristics:
      • Articular cartilage covers the articulating ends of bones
      • Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
      • Synovial membrane surrounds the joint cavity
    • Function: allows for a wide range of motion

    Tendons and Ligaments

    • Tendons:
      • Attach muscle to bone
      • Transmit tensile loads and aid in muscle positioning
    • Ligaments:
      • Attach bone to bone
      • Assist in stabilization of joint structures
      • Prevent excessive motion
    • Both tendons and ligaments are viscoelastic and made up of dense regular connective tissue

    Cartilage

    • Characteristics:
      • Fibrous and viscoelastic connective tissue
      • Composed of closely packed collagenous fibers in a proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix
      • Provides a supporting framework for joints and is avascular and non-innervated

    TMJ (Temporomandibular Joint)

    • A ball-and-socket joint that connects the mandible and skull
    • Characteristics:
      • Articular cartilage covers the articulating ends of bones
      • Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
      • Synovial membrane surrounds the joint cavity
      • Articular disc (meniscus) divides the joint cavity into two regions
    • Movements:
      • Elevation and depression of the mandible
      • Protraction and retraction of the mandible
      • Lateral movements of the mandible

    TMJ Ligaments

    • Three major ligaments:
      • Stylomandibular ligament
      • Sphenomandibular ligament
      • TMJ ligament (lateral ligament)

    TMJ Muscles

    • Four muscles of mastication:
      • Temporalis
      • Masseter
      • Medial Pterygoid
      • Lateral Pterygoid

    TMJ Functions

    • Elevation and depression of the mandible
    • Protraction and retraction of the mandible
    • Lateral movements of the mandible

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