Biology Chapter 21: Musculoskeletal System
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Questions and Answers

The musculoskeletal system gives the body _________________ and _____________________.

shape, structure

The musculoskeletal system allows the body to _________________ and ________________ itself, provides ____________________ for the body, and creates _______________.

move, support, protection, heat

Muscles are the groups of _______________ that help the body move by __________________ and ______________________.

tissues, contracting, relaxing

__________________ are rigid connective tissues that make up the skeleton, which is the framework of the human body.

<p>Bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________________ are found at the place where two bones come together; they hold bones together and provide movement and ________________________.

<p>Joints, flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________________ are strong, fibrous bands that connect bones or cartilage and help ________________ the joints and joint movement.

<p>Ligaments, support</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five parts of the musculoskeletal system?

<p>Muscles, Bones, Joints, Tendons, Ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of muscles in the body?

<p>Skeletal Muscle, Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of bones?

<p>Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, Irregular Bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

List seven functions of the musculoskeletal system.

<p>Give shape and form to the body, Maintain posture, Permit movement, Protect internal organs, Store calcium and phosphorus, Produce heat, Produce some blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

As people age, the body loses muscle mass.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As people age, the amount of calcium in the bones increases.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bones are more easily broken as people age.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Joints become more flexible with age.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As people age, height is gradually lost.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is amputation?

<p>A surgical removal of all or part of a limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is arthritis?

<p>A general term for the inflammation of the joints that can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bursitis?

<p>Condition in which the tiny fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions and provide lubrication become inflamed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fibromyalgia syndrome?

<p>A disorder that causes pain, fatigue, sleep problems, and depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fracture?

<p>Any break in a bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is muscular dystrophy (MD)?

<p>Hereditary, progressive disease that causes muscles to weaken and stiffen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Osteoarthritis?

<p>Condition in which the cartilage that rests between the bones begins to slowly erode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteopenia?

<p>Condition in which bones lose density but not enough to be classified as osteoporosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoporosis?

<p>A condition in which bones lose density, causing them to become brittle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phantom limb pain?

<p>Pain felt in a limb or extremity that has been amputated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phantom sensation?

<p>Feeling warmth, itching, and tingling in the area where a limb existed and has been amputated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prosthesis?

<p>An artificial device for the replacement of a missing body part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

<p>Condition that affects the synovial membrane and causes stiffness, swelling, severe pain, and deformities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is total hip replacement?

<p>A surgical replacement of the head of the femur and the socket it fits into with artificial materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is total knee replacement?

<p>A surgical replacement of a damaged or painful knee with artificial materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is traction?

<p>A method of treating fractures by keeping bones in the proper position by using weights and pulleys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List five guidelines for cast care.

<p>Pad the cast edges as needed, Do not get the cast wet, Keep the cast clean, Follow orders exactly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List six guidelines for the care of a resident who is recovering from a total hip replacement.

<p>Follow the care plan for weight bearing, Follow the care plan regarding positioning, Do not perform range of motion exercises on the hip replacement side, Caution the resident to not cross legs, Assist with dressing from the weaker side, Apply anti-embolic stockings as ordered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is partial weight bearing (PWB)?

<p>A doctor's order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is non-weight bearing (NWB)?

<p>A doctor's order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any body weight on one or both legs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is full weight-bearing (FWB)?

<p>A doctor's order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight on both legs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Another name for elastic bandages is?

<p>Non-sterile bandages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are elastic bandages used?

<p>To provide compression and support for body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bursae?

<p>Tiny sacs of fluid that help reduce friction near joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cartilage?

<p>The protective substance that covers the ends of bones and makes up the discs between vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is flexion?

<p>Bending a body part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is atrophy?

<p>Weakening or wasting away of muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is abduction?

<p>Moving a body part away from the midline of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is adduction?

<p>Moving a body part toward the midline of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sling?

<p>A bandage or a piece of material that helps to support the weight of an injured upper extremity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is total knee replacement (TKR)?

<p>A surgical replacement of a damaged or painful knee with artificial materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System

The system responsible for body shape, support, and movement.

Muscles

Tissues that contract and relax to move the body.

Bones

Rigid tissues forming the skeletal framework.

Joints

Connections between bones, enabling movement and flexibility.

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Ligaments

Bands connecting bones to provide joint support.

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Tendons

Connect muscles to bones.

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Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle used for movement.

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Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in internal organs.

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Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle of the heart.

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Long Bone

A type of bone with a long shaft and two ends.

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Short Bone

A type of bone that is short and cube-like

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Flat Bone

A thin, flat bone, providing protection.

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Irregular Bone

A bone with a complex shape.

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Flexion

Bending a joint.

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Abduction

Moving a limb away from the body's midline.

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Adduction

Moving a limb toward the body's midline.

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Arthritis

Inflammation of the joints.

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Fracture

A broken bone.

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Osteoporosis

Significant bone density loss.

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Amputation

Surgical removal of a limb.

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Total Hip Replacement

Surgical replacement of the hip joint.

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Full Weight Bearing (FWB)

Able to bear full body weight.

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Partial Weight Bearing (PWB)

Limited weight bearing.

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Non-Weight Bearing (NWB)

No weight on affected limb

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Study Notes

Musculoskeletal System Overview

  • Provides shape, structure, and support to the body.
  • Facilitates movement and self-support, offering protection to internal organs while generating heat.

Muscles and Movement

  • Muscles consist of tissues that contract and relax to facilitate body movement.

Bones and Skeleton

  • Bones are rigid connective tissues forming the skeleton, which is the human body’s structural framework.

Joints and Flexibility

  • Joints are vital connections where two bones meet, enabling movement and flexibility.

Ligaments and Joint Support

  • Ligaments are strong bands connecting bones or cartilage, playing a crucial role in supporting joints and facilitating movement.

Components of the Musculoskeletal System

  • Key parts include muscles, bones, joints, tendons, and ligaments.

Types of Muscles

  • Three muscle types: Skeletal (voluntary), Smooth (involuntary), and Cardiac (heart muscle).

Types of Bones

  • Four classifications of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular.

Functions of the Musculoskeletal System

  • Provides body shape and form.
  • Maintains posture, permits movement, and protects internal organs.
  • Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
  • Produces heat and some blood cells.

Aging Effects on Musculoskeletal System

  • Muscle mass declines with age.
  • Bone calcium content decreases, increasing brittleness and the risk of fractures.
  • Joints may become stiffer rather than more flexible.
  • Height gradually decreases as people age.

Common Musculoskeletal Conditions

  • Amputation: Surgical removal of all or part of a limb.
  • Arthritis: Inflammation of joints causing pain and stiffness.
  • Bursitis: Inflammation of bursae, causing joint discomfort.
  • Fibromyalgia: Disorder leading to pain, fatigue, and cognitive issues.
  • Fracture: Any bone break.
  • Muscular Dystrophy (MD): A hereditary disease causing muscle weakness.
  • Osteoarthritis: Deterioration of cartilage leading to pain and swelling.
  • Osteopenia: Decreased bone density without osteoporosis diagnosis.
  • Osteoporosis: Significant bone density loss, increasing fracture risk.
  • Phantom Limb Pain: Sensation of pain in an amputated limb.
  • Phantom Sensation: Sensations such as warmth or itching in an amputated limb.

Surgical Interventions

  • Total Hip Replacement: Replaces the hip joint’s head and socket with artificial components.
  • Total Knee Replacement: Surgically replaces a damaged knee joint.
  • Traction: Method using weights and pulleys to align fractured bones.

Care Guidelines

  • For cast care: Pad edges, keep dry, and maintain cleanliness.
  • Post-total hip replacement: Follow weight-bearing restrictions, avoid crossing legs, assist dressing, and apply anti-embolic stockings as needed.

Weight-Bearing Status

  • Partial Weight Bearing (PWB): Some weight can be supported on one or both legs.
  • Non-Weight Bearing (NWB): No weight can be placed on legs.
  • Full Weight-Bearing (FWB): Ability to bear full body weight on both legs without restrictions.

Additional Musculoskeletal Structures

  • Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction near joints.
  • Cartilage: Protective covering on bone ends and intervertebral discs.
  • Sling: Supports an injured upper extremity, relieving weight.

Movement Terminology

  • Flexion: Bending joint or body part.
  • Atrophy: Weakening or wasting away of muscles.
  • Abduction: Movement away from the body's midline.
  • Adduction: Movement toward the body's midline.

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Test your knowledge on the musculoskeletal system with these flashcards covering key concepts like shape, support, movement, and protection. This quiz is designed to help reinforce your understanding of Chapter 21 in your biology studies.

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