أسئلة ريتين الـ Great Vessels (قبل التعديل)

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Questions and Answers

Where does the pulmonary trunk begin and end?

The pulmonary trunk begins behind the left sternal margin opposite the left 3rd costal cartilage and ends opposite the left 2nd costal cartilage.

What are the branches of the arch of aorta?

The branches of the arch of aorta are the brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.

What is the starting point of the descending aorta?

The descending aorta begins at the left 2nd costal cartilage as a continuation of the aortic arch.

What structures does the superior vena cava receive as tributaries?

The superior vena cava receives the right and left brachiocephalic veins as tributaries. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the course of the ascending aorta.

The ascending aorta runs in the middle mediastinum and is completely covered with pericardium. Signup and view all the answers

Where does the descending aorta end?

The descending aorta ends at the aortic orifice at T12, transitioning into the abdominal aorta. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the thyroid ima artery?

The thyroid ima artery is a branch of the arch of aorta that may be absent in some individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical relationship of the superior vena cava to the pericardium?

The superior vena cava pierces the pericardium at the level of the 2nd costal cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure does the ascending aorta extend from and to?

It extends from behind the left sternal margin opposite the left 3rd inter-costal space to the arch of aorta at the right 2nd costal cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between the pulmonary trunk and the pericardium.

The pulmonary trunk is completely covered with pericardium throughout its course. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the trajectory of the aortic arch in relation to mediastinal sections.

The aortic arch passes through the superior mediastinum. Signup and view all the answers

How does the descending aorta continue from the aortic arch?

The descending aorta begins at the left 2nd costal cartilage as a continuation of the aortic arch. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the entry point of the superior vena cava and its significance.

The superior vena cava begins at the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins at the right 1st costal cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

List the primary branches of the arch of aorta.

The primary branches are the brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. Signup and view all the answers

What is the termination point of the superior vena cava?

It ends in the posterior wall of the right atrium at the right 3rd costal cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between the courses of the ascending aorta and the descending aorta.

The ascending aorta passes in the middle mediastinum while the descending aorta traverses the posterior mediastinum. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Great Vessels

Pulmonary Trunk
- Begins behind the left sternal margin, opposite the left 3rd costal cartilage.
- Completely covered by pericardium.
- Passes through the middle mediastinum.
- Ends opposite the left 2nd costal cartilage, bifurcating into the right and left pulmonary arteries.
- Branches: right long pulmonary artery and left short pulmonary artery.
Ascending Aorta
- Begins behind the left sternal margin, opposite the left 3rd intercostal space.
- Completely covered by pericardium.
- Passes through the middle mediastinum.
- Ends opposite the right 2nd costal cartilage, forming the arch of the aorta.
- Branches: right and left coronary arteries.
Arch of Aorta
- Begins at the right 2nd costal cartilage, continuing from the ascending aorta.
- Passes through the superior mediastinum.
- Ends at the left 2nd costal cartilage, becoming the descending thoracic aorta.
- Branches:
  - Brachiocephalic trunk (which branches into the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery)
  - Left common carotid artery
  - Left subclavian artery
  - Thyroid ima artery (may be absent).
Descending Aorta
- Begins at the left 2nd costal cartilage, continuing from the arch of the aorta.
- Passes through the posterior mediastinum.
- Ends at the T12 level, becoming the abdominal aorta.
- Branches:
  - Left bronchial
  - Pericardial
  - Esophageal
  - Superior phrenic
  - Subcostal
  - Lower 9 posterior internal thoracic artery (ICA)
Superior Vena Cava
- Formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins at the right 1st costal cartilage.
- Passes through the superior and middle mediastinum.
- Pierces the pericardium at the level of the 2nd costal cartilage.
- Ends in the posterior wall of the right atrium at the right 3rd costal cartilage.
- Tributaries:
  - Right brachiocephalic vein
  - Left brachiocephalic vein
  - Azygos vein (ends at the 2nd costal cartilage level).
- Note: Brachiocephalic veins are formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins.