Endocrine System
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate length of the adrenal glands in adults?

  • 2-3 cm
  • 9-10 cm
  • 7-8 cm
  • 4-6 cm (correct)

    • What is the function of the unmyelinated axons in the posterior pituitary?

  • To support the glia cells
  • To release hormones into the bloodstream (correct)
  • To transmit neural signals
  • To stimulate the hypothalamic nuclei

    • What is the term for the swellings on the axons in the posterior pituitary?

  • Herring bodies
  • Pituicytes
  • Neurosecretory bodies (correct)
  • Axonal swellings

    • What is the approximate percentage of the adrenal cortex comprised by the zona reticularis?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cell type present in the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Pituicytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in staining between cells of the zona reticularis and those of other zones?

    <p>Cells of the zona reticularis contain fewer lipid droplets and more lipofuscin pigment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Stimulation of thyroid hormone production and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate duration of thyroid hormone supply from follicles in the absence of additional synthesis?

    <p>Up to 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dense connective tissue covering the adrenal glands?

    <p>Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which embryonic cells give rise to the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Mesodermal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of thyroid colloid?

    <p>Thyroglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate weight of the adrenal glands in adults?

    <p>8 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone produced by the zona reticularis?

    <p>Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the secretion of hormones by the zona reticularis?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of the oxytocin or vasopressin released in the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of chronic dietary iodine deficiencies on thyroid hormone production?

    <p>Decreased thyroid hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adrenal cortical insufficiency?

    <p>Underproduction of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the capillaries in the posterior pituitary?

    <p>To pick up released hormones for distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the connective tissue separating follicles?

    <p>Sparse and reticular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition resulting from excessive growth of thyroid follicles and enlargement of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Goiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Neural crest cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of follicular cells in active thyroid glands?

    <p>Low columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the disorder that causes degeneration of any layer of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Addison disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fenestrated capillaries in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Transfer of released hormone to the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hormones produced by cells of zona glomerulosa in the adrenal glands?

    <p>Stimulate renal reabsorption of water and Na+ and secretion of K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thyroglobulin in the thyroid hormone synthesis process?

    <p>To contain tyrosyl residues critical for thyroid hormone synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Na/I symporters in thyrocytes?

    <p>To concentrate dietary iodide in thyroid tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the adrenal glands produce weak androgens?

    <p>Cells of zona reticularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of decreased levels of circulating iodide?

    <p>Increased synthesis of NIS, increasing iodide uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of calcitonin produced by parafollicular or C cells in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Lowers blood Ca2+ levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the iodide/chloride transporter in thyrocytes?

    <p>To pump I– from the thyrocytes into the colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone produced by the pineal gland regulates circadian rhythms?

    <p>Melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glucagon produced by α cells in the pancreatic islets?

    <p>Raises blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the thyroid hormone production process in thyrocytes?

    <p>Involves both an exocrine phase and an endocrine phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is thyroglobulin synthesized in the thyrocytes?

    <p>In the rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) produced by chief cells in the parathyroid glands?

    <p>Raises blood Ca2+ levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of insulin produced by β cells in the pancreatic islets?

    <p>Lowers blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increased iodide uptake in thyroid tissue?

    <p>Increased production of thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the follicular lumen?

    <p>To store thyroglobulin released from apical vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can densely calcified corpora arenacea be used for in radiological examinations of the brain?

    <p>To locate the midline of the pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate proportion of somatotrophs in the pars distalis in humans?

    <p>One half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the pars distalis secrete two different glycoproteins?

    <p>Gonadotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main protein synthesized in corticotrophs?

    <p>Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the capillaries in the pars distalis?

    <p>To carry off secreted hormones into the general circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the pars distalis are the least abundant?

    <p>Thyrotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the staining of chromophobes in the pars distalis?

    <p>Poorly stained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cords of acidophils and basophils in the pars distalis?

    <p>To carry off secreted hormones into the general circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the hormones produced by the pars distalis?

    <p>They have widespread functional activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of the neural connection of the pituitary gland to the brain?

    <p>Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the histological characteristic of the pars nervosa and pars intermedia?

    <p>Resemble CNS tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vascular portal system in the pituitary gland?

    <p>Carries small regulatory peptides from the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the embryological origin of the pars nervosa and infundibular stalk?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical relationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?

    <p>The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus at the base of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the histological difference between the pars distalis and pars nervosa?

    <p>The pars distalis has a different level of staining than the pars nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of the pituitary gland that wraps around the infundibulum?

    <p>Pars tuberalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the pituitary gland's neural connection to the brain?

    <p>It is necessary for the regulation of hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone in the distal convoluted tubules?

    <p>To stimulate Na+ reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for aldosterone secretion?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cells in the zona fasciculata?

    <p>They are filled with lipid droplets and appear vacuolated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hormones produced by endocrine glands?

    <p>To act on target cells with specific receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cortisol in the liver?

    <p>To stimulate glycogen synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of endocrine cells in terms of their origin?

    <p>They are typically epithelial in origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulator of glucocorticoid secretion?

    <p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

    <p>Endocrine glands produce hormones, while exocrine glands produce digestive juices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the cords of cells in the zona glomerulosa?

    <p>Columnar or pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of capillaries present in the zona fasciculata?

    <p>Sinusoidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the vascularized compartment surrounding endocrine glands?

    <p>To provide a route for the uptake of hormones by capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs, besides specialized endocrine glands, contain endocrine cells?

    <p>The gut, kidneys, testis, and ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormones are produced by the cells in the zona fasciculata?

    <p>Glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which hormones produced by endocrine cells act on target cells?

    <p>Through the release of hormones into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the distribution of hormones through the circulation?

    <p>It allows hormones to act on target cells at a distance from the site of secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of endocrine cells in terms of their aggregation?

    <p>They are typically aggregated as cords or clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hormones produced by cells of the zona glomerulosa?

    <p>Regulation of blood mineral levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the adrenal glands are involved in the fight-or-flight response?

    <p>Chromaffin cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the cells of the zona reticularis?

    <p>Small size with few lipid droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone produced by the zona fasciculata?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the adrenal gland is located next to the medulla?

    <p>Zona reticularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the cells of the zona glomerulosa?

    <p>Columnar or pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the capillaries in the adrenal gland?

    <p>Supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Large pale-staining cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pancreatic polypeptide produced by PP cells in the pancreatic islets?

    <p>Inhibits secretion of pancreatic enzymes and HCO3–</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone produced by the parathyroid glands raises blood Ca2+ levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melatonin produced by pinealocytes in the pineal gland?

    <p>Regulates circadian rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin, a hormone that lowers blood Ca2+ levels?

    <p>Parafollicular or C cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thyroid hormones produced by follicular cells in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Increases metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the pancreas's total volume that is composed of pancreatic islets?

    <p>1-2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the granules of norepinephrine-secreting cells and those of cells secreting epinephrine?

    <p>Electron density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the embryonic origin of the pancreatic islets and pancreatic acinar tissue?

    <p>Endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cells of the pancreatic islets in terms of their staining?

    <p>Basophilic or acidophilic with fine cytoplasmic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate diameter of most pancreatic islets?

    <p>100-200 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the digestive system are responsible for regulating motility and secretions of all types?

    <p>APUD cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the cells composing the thyroid gland?

    <p>They have apical junctional complexes and rest on a basal lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cells in the digestive system that demonstrate amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation?

    <p>APUD cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the thyroid gland located?

    <p>Anterior and inferior to the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Butterfly-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the embryonic origin of the parathyroid glands?

    <p>The third and fourth pharyngeal pouches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells in the parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone?

    <p>Chief cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Na+/I– symporter in thyrocytes?

    <p>To transport iodide into the thyrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the multistep process shown in the diagram?

    <p>The synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cytoplasm of principal cells in the parathyroid glands?

    <p>It is pale-staining, slightly acidophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypoparathyroidism, what would be the effect on striated muscle contractions?

    <p>Abnormal contractions due to inadequate calcium ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of daylight on melatonin release from pinealocytes?

    <p>Inhibits melatonin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hyperparathyroidism, what would be the effect on blood calcium levels?

    <p>Increased blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pineal gland?

    <p>Regulating daily rhythms of bodily activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excessive PTH production on cartilage, arteries, and kidneys?

    <p>Pathological deposition of calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular weight of the hormone produced by β cells in the pancreatic islets?

    <p>5700-6000 Da</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hormone produced by PP cells in the pancreatic islets?

    <p>Stimulates activity of gastric chief cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the pancreatic islets produce a hormone that inhibits the release of other islet cell hormones?

    <p>δ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate proportion of β cells in the pancreatic islets?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hormone produced by α cells in the pancreatic islets?

    <p>Acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on vitamin D activation?

    <p>It stimulates vitamin D activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of oxyphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>They are much larger than principal cells and have very acidophilic cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the parathyroid gland's location on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland?

    <p>It is a random anatomical variation with no functional significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age-related change in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>There is an increase in the number of adipocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the principal cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>To regulate calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the parathyroid gland's histology?

    <p>It is composed of cords of cells with pale-staining cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of PTH on calcium absorption in the small intestine?

    <p>It increases calcium absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the parathyroid gland and the thyroid gland?

    <p>The parathyroid gland is embedded in the thyroid gland's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the oxyphil cells in terms of PTH synthesis?

    <p>They have low levels of PTH synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the presence of adipocytes in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>It is an age-related change with no functional significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate weight of the pituitary gland in adults?

    <p>0.5 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the oral component of the pituitary gland?

    <p>Developing oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cavity in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland lies?

    <p>Sella turcica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two glands that make up the pituitary gland?

    <p>Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the brain?

    <p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of luteinizing hormone (LH) produced by gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Promotes ovarian follicle maturation and progesterone secretion in women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the anterior pituitary produce a hormone that stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones?

    <p>Corticotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the adrenal medulla?

    <p>From neural crest cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prolactin (PRL) produced by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Promotes milk secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type in the anterior pituitary produces a hormone that stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis, storage, and liberation?

    <p>Thyrotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the fetal period, which parts of the pituitary gland complete development?

    <p>Posterior and anterior parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the pars nervosa and infundibular stalk?

    <p>Resemble CNS tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pituitary gland receives blood from the vascular portal system carrying small regulatory peptides?

    <p>Adenohypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract in the pituitary gland?

    <p>Carries small regulatory peptides from the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the embryological origin of the pars nervosa and infundibular stalk?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hormones produced by the cells of the anterior pituitary that affect the thyroid gland?

    <p>Stimulation of thyroid hormone synthesis, storage, and liberation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone released in the posterior pituitary during breast-feeding increases the secretion of prolactin?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pars intermedia in the pituitary gland?

    <p>Function not clearly established in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polypeptide produced mainly in the stomach mucosa acts as a releasing hormone for somatotropin secretion?

    <p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cells of the pars nervosa?

    <p>They do not contain the cells that synthesize their hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) released from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Causing the release of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone?

    <p>Stimulating the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is involved in the regulation of androgen production?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the releasing hormone that stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pituitary gland produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?

    <p>Pars intermedia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hormone produced by cells of the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is released from the anterior pituitary and stimulates the growth of bone and cartilage?

    <p>Growth hormone (GH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pituitary hormone that stimulates the mammary gland to produce milk?

    <p>Stimulating milk production in the mammary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pituitary hormones stimulates the release of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ADH in the kidneys?

    <p>To increase the permeability of renal collecting ducts to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of benign pituitary adenomas involving somatotropic cells in adults?

    <p>Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the cells that produce oxytocin and ADH?

    <p>Posterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus on ADH synthesis?

    <p>Stimulation of ADH synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of pituitary adenomas involving somatotropic cells in children before closure of the long bones’ epiphyseal plates?

    <p>Gigantism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of decreased PTH secretion on striated muscle?

    <p>Abnormal contractions due to inadequate calcium ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pineal gland?

    <p>Regulation of daily rhythms of bodily activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of excessive PTH production on blood calcium levels?

    <p>An increase in blood calcium levels that can be deposited pathologically in cartilage, arteries, or the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the factor that promotes melatonin release from pinealocytes?

    <p>Darkness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of development of the pineal gland?

    <p>Neuroectoderm in the posterior wall of the third ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

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