Adrenal glands
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Questions and Answers

What are the subdivisions of the adrenal gland?

Capsule, cortex and medulla

What are the three subdivisions in the cortex of the medulla?

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata and zona reticularis

Match the hormones to the tissue area in which they’re produced

Zona glomerulosa = Mineral corticoids Zona fasiculata = Glucocorticoids Medulla = Catecholamines and stress hormones Zona reticularis = Androgens

In general, what do mineralcorticoids regulate? What is an example of a mineralcorticoid?

<p>Mineralcorticoids regulate mineral balance; aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

In general, what do glucocorticoids regulate? What is the classic example of a glucocorticoid?

<p>Glucocorticoids regulate glucose metabolism; cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

In general, what do androgens stimulate?

<p>Androgens stimulate masculinization</p> Signup and view all the answers

In general, what do stress hormones stimulate? What are examples of the stress hormones (aka catecholamines)

<p>Stress hormones stimulate the sympathetic ANS; epiniphrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily stimulated by signals from the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of stimulation for glucocorticoids?

<p>Hypothalamus and pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT a mineralocorticoid?

<p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly represents the source of stimulation for androgens?

<p>Primarily from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary hyperadrenocorticism is associated with a pituitary gland tumor

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Equine Cushings (AKA PPID) exact cause is unknown, but a loss of a particular hormone’s innervation to the pars intermedia (of HPA axis) seems to have a role of the disorder. What is this hormone?

<p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial hormone produced from cholesterol in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones?

<p>Pregnenolone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone take place?

<p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ACTH play in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones?

<p>Regulates the formation of pregnenolone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones?

<p>All adrenocortical hormones share the pregnenolone formation step</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a limitation regarding the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones?

<p>The synthesis of pregnenolone is a rate-limiting step for all hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cortisol regulates physiological functions in the body?

<p>Gene expression modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors primarily stimulates the release of cortisol?

<p>Stressors and low blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what time of day are cortisol levels typically highest in the blood?

<p>Early morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following physiological functions is NOT regulated by cortisol?

<p>Neurological development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does cortisol have on the cardiovascular system?

<p>Increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

In summary, what are the three factors that influence the HPA axis?

<p>Glucocorticoids, stress, and diurnal rhythm (aka circadian rhythm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism?

<p>Promotes the synthesis of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol influence glucose utilization in the body?

<p>Decreases glucose utilization by peripheral cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does cortisol have on insulin's function?

<p>Antagonizes insulin's effects on gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones does cortisol potentiate the action of?

<p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of increased cortisol levels on carbohydrate metabolism?

<p>Elevated risk of developing Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the effects cortisol has on protein metabolism.

<p>Cortisol stimulates protein catabolism in the muscle to allow mobilization of amino acids from the extra hepatic tissues. The amino acids serve as a substrate for enzyme manufacturing and for gluconeogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of cortisol on lipid metabolism?

<p>Enhance fatty acid oxidation in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol affect the distribution of body fat?

<p>Depletes peripheral fat while increasing visceral fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does cortisol have on glucose transport into fat cells?

<p>Inhibits glucose transport into fat cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic shift occurs due to cortisol's influence?

<p>From carbohydrate to fat utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence can result from prolonged elevated cortisol levels?

<p>Development of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary effects of immune system suppressants on inflammatory factors?

<p>They down-regulate pro-inflammatory factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT influenced by immune system suppressants?

<p>Increased antibody formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the overall impact of immune system suppressants?

<p>They regulate a balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does cortisol have on the release of vasodilators in the cardiovascular system?

<p>Cortisol suppresses the release of vasodilators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does cortisol affect reproductive success?

<p>Cortisol reduces reproductive success through various mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of cortisol's effect on vascular smooth muscle?

<p>It increases sensitivity to vasoconstrictors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes cortisol's role in the body?

<p>Cortisol inhibits functions not essential for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the impact of cortisol on blood pressure?

<p>Cortisol maintains blood pressure by suppressing vasodilators and enhancing constriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two transport proteins cortisol is bound to?

<p>Transcortin and albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half life of cortisol in circulation?

<p>66 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match to the appropriate description of the diseases

<p>Cushing’s disease = Over secretion of cortisol due to high levels of ACTH Addison’s disease = Deficiency of cortisol and/or aldosterone Hyperaldosteronism = Known as Conn’s syndrome, is the over secretion of aldosterone Pheochromocytomas = Tumor in medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aldosterone is stimulated by _______ and acts on the _______ cells in the _______.

<p>Aldosterone is stimulated by high blood K, low blood volume and pressure, and acts on the principle cells in the collecting duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major functions of aldosterone?

<p>Actively reabsorb sodium, actively secrete potassium and passive reabsorption of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a negative feedback on the adrenal cortex to inhibit the release of aldosterone?

<p>The negative feedback is primarily through the restoration of electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is false about aldosterone transport?

<p>50% is free or bioactive , while 10% is bound to transcortin and 40% to albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with Conn’s syndrome will have these classes electrolytes changes:

<p>Hypokalemia, hypernatremia and metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diuretic might we select to treat a patient with Conn’s syndrome?

<p>Spironolactone, as it’s an aldosterone antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are produced by the testis and ovaries after the uptake of androstenedione?

<p>Testosterone and estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of DHEA conversion into androstenedione?

<p>It serves as a substrate for the synthesis of testosterone and estrogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone has the capability of interacting with male sex hormone receptors?

<p>DHEA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main neurotransmitter transition seen in stressed animals affecting chromaffin cells?

<p>From acetylcholine to PACAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acetylcholine in the activation of chromaffin cells during unstressed conditions?

<p>It primarily activates chromaffin cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is required for stress-induced catecholamine secretion in the context of chromaffin cells?

<p>Neuropeptide PACAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes chromaffin cells from traditional neurons?

<p>Lack of axons and dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

What predominantly influences the increased secretion of catecholamines during stress?

<p>Increase in splanchnic nerve electrical discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine?

<p>Conversion of tyrosine to DOPA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the metabolic end products of tyrosine metabolism?

<p>DOPA, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does DOPA play in the metabolic pathway of catecholamines?

<p>It is an intermediate in the synthesis of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about catecholamines is incorrect?

<p>DOPA is produced directly from dopamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall action of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

<p>Increase energy availability and overall metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half life of Epi/norepiniphrine in circulation?

<p>2 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of the body’s response to short term stress?

<p>Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased metabolic rate and dilation of bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the endocrine response in Addison's Disease?

<p>Both cortisol and aldosterone deficiencies can increase plasma ACTH levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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