Endocrine System Quiz: Adrenal Glands and Blood Supply
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Questions and Answers

What is the destination of the right renal vein?

  • Superior vena cava
  • Left renal vein
  • Aorta
  • IVC (correct)

    • Which type of corticoids is produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland?

  • Glucocorticoids (correct)
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Androgens
  • Estrogens

    • Which ligament connects the spleen hilum to the transverse colon?

  • Suspensory ligament of spleen
  • Gastrosplenic ligament
  • Splenocolic ligament (correct)
  • Splenorenal ligament

    • What is the source of the prostatic branches of the arteries in the male urethra?

    <p>Inferior vesical artery and middle rectal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the uterine artery?

    <p>Internal iliac artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a branch of the superior mesenteric artery?

    <p>Left colic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What passes over the external iliac vessels and ureter?

    <p>Ovarian artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the splanchnic nerves?

    <p>They carry visceral fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the glands that drain to both sides of the urethra?

    <p>Skene’s glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries supplies the breast?

    <p>Subclavian artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of the portal triad that carries oxygenated blood?

    <p>Hepatic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone produced by the corticotropes in the pituitary gland?

    <p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the left portion of the greater curvature of the stomach?

    <p>Left gastro-omental artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the left gastric artery?

    <p>Celiac trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins drains the male urethra?

    <p>Prostatic venous plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland?

    <p>Produces mineralocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of oxytocin in the neurohypophysis?

    <p>Contract the uterus during childbirth and ejection of milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins drains into the IVC?

    <p>Right gonadal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of vasopressin or ADH in the neurohypophysis?

    <p>Reabsorb water in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the tunica vaginalis?

    <p>Peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries arises from the abdominal aorta?

    <p>Both left and right gonadal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the left colic flexure and left kidney in relation to the right kidney?

    <p>Higher than the right kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nuclei is associated with the production of atrial natriuretic peptide?

    <p>Dorsomedial nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the efferent connection of autonomic fibers from the hypothalamus?

    <p>Medial forebrain bundle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by the zona reticularis of the adrenal gland?

    <p>Androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the medial mammary region of the breast?

    <p>Internal thoracic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the prostatic nervous plexus in the male urethra?

    <p>Extension of the vesical plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the middle colic artery?

    <p>Supplies the transverse colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fibers are carried by the splanchnic nerves?

    <p>Preganglionic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of the dorsal artery of the penis?

    <p>Inf. vesical artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corticotropes in the pituitary gland?

    <p>Produces ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination of the dorsal vein of the penis?

    <p>Deep inguinal nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of somatotrophs cells in the pituitary gland?

    <p>Produce growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins drains into the left renal vein?

    <p>Left gonadal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of oxytocin in the neurohypophysis?

    <p>Contract the uterus during childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries arises from the abdominal aorta?

    <p>Both left and right gonadal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the suprarenal medulla?

    <p>Neural crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the left colic flexure and left kidney in relation to the right kidney?

    <p>Higher than the right kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nuclei is associated with the production of oxytocin and vasopressin?

    <p>Paraventricular nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves innervates the levator veli palatini?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tunica vaginalis?

    <p>Forms a layer of fascia around the testis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tensor veli palatini?

    <p>Tensing the soft palate during swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the efferent connection of autonomic fibers from the hypothalamus?

    <p>Through the medial forebrain bundle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of the internal thoracic artery that supplies the breast?

    <p>Middle mammary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal process of the palatine bones?

    <p>Hard palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the incisive fossa?

    <p>Opens to the incisive canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries supplies the myometrium?

    <p>Arcuate artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that marks the edge between the esophageal mucosa and gastric mucosa?

    <p>Z-line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Adrenal Glands

    • Corticotropes produce ACTH
    • Zona glomerulosa produces mineral corticoids (aldosterone)
    • Zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone)
    • Zona reticularis produces androgens
    • Adrenal medulla produces stress hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

    Breast Artery Supply

    • Subclavian artery → internal thoracic artery → anterior intercostal artery → medial mammary artery
    • Axillary artery → lateral thoracic artery → thoraco-acromial artery

    Vessels and Nerves of Male Urethra

    • Arteries: prostatic branches from inferior vesical artery and middle rectal artery; dorsal artery of penis
    • Veins: prostatic venous plexus; dorsal vein of penis
    • Nerves: prostatic nervous plexus; extension of vesical plexus; receives somatic innervation from dorsal nerve of penis → pudendal nerve
    • Lymph: internal iliac nodes; deep inguinal nodes (like glans penis)

    Superior Mesenteric Artery

    • Middle colic artery: supplies transverse colon; anastomoses with left colic artery
    • Right colic artery: supplies ascending colon; anastomoses with middle and ileocolic artery
    • Ileocolic artery: supplies cecum, appendix, and ascending colon

    Splanchnic Nerves

    • Left vagus nerve: carries parasympathetic fibers
    • Greater splanchnic nerve: carries sympathetic fibers
    • Lesser splanchnic nerve: carries sympathetic fibers
    • Lowest splanchnic nerve: carries sympathetic fibers

    Celiac Trunk

    • Left gastric artery: supplies stomach
    • Splenic artery: supplies spleen
    • Common hepatic artery: supplies liver and pancreas

    Portal Triad

    • Bile duct
    • Hepatic portal vein
    • Hepatic artery

    Ligaments of Spleen

    • Gastrosplenic ligament: connects spleen to greater curvature of stomach
    • Splenorenal ligament: connects spleen to left kidney
    • Splenocolic ligament: connects spleen to transverse colon
    • Suspensory ligament of spleen: connects spleen to diaphragm

    Vestibular Glands

    • Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands): drain to posterolateral vaginal orifice
    • Lesser vestibular glands (Skene's glands): drain to both sides of urethra

    Ovary

    • Covered by peritoneum
    • Ovarian artery: supplies ovary; passes over external iliac vessels and ureter
    • Uterine artery: supplies uterus; arises from internal iliac artery

    Renal Veins

    • Right renal vein: drains into IVC
    • Left renal vein: drains into IVC; passes anterior to aorta and posterior to SMA

    Tunica Vaginalis

    • Derived from peritoneum, not dartos fascia

    Urinary Bladder

    • Trigone formed by ureteric orifices, urethral orifice, and uvula of bladder
    • Internal urethral sphincter: contracts during ejaculation to prevent reflux

    Pituitary Gland

    • Acidophils: produce GH and prolactin
    • Basophils: produce TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH

    Lymph Drainage

    • Below pectinate line: drains to superficial inguinal nodes

    Gonadal Arteries and Veins

    • Left gonadal artery: arises from abdominal aorta
    • Left gonadal vein: drains into left renal vein
    • Right gonadal artery: arises from abdominal aorta
    • Right gonadal vein: drains into IVC

    Adrenal Glands

    • Corticotropes produce ACTH
    • Zona glomerulosa produces mineral corticoids, specifically aldosterone
    • Zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids, specifically cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone
    • Zona reticularis produces androgens
    • Adrenal medulla produces stress hormones, specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine

    Blood Supply

    • Breast artery supply comes from:
      • Subclavian artery -> internal thoracic artery -> anterior intercostal artery -> medial mammary artery
      • Axillary artery -> lateral thoracic artery -> thoraco-acromial artery
      • Thoracic aorta -> 2, 3, 4 post intercostal arteries
    • Superior mesenteric artery branches:
      • Middle colic artery (supplies transverse colon and anastomoses with left colic artery)
      • Right colic artery (supplies ascending colon and anastomoses with middle and ileocolic arteries)
      • Ileocolic artery (supplies cecum, appendix, and ascending colon)

    Male Urethra

    • Vessels:
      • Arteries: prostatic branches from inferior vesical artery and middle rectal artery
      • Veins: prostatic venous plexus, dorsal vein of penis
    • Nerves:
      • Prostatic nervous plexus, extension of vesical plexus
      • Receives somatic innervation from dorsal nerve of penis -> pudendal nerve
    • Lymph: internal iliac nodes, deep inguinal nodes (like glans penis)

    Splanchnic Nerves

    • Group: splanchnic nerves
    • Kind of fibers: sympathetic fibers
    • Drainage: into inferior vena cava (IVC) through suprarenal vein, left gonadal vein, lumbar veins
    • Renal vein entrapment syndrome: left renal vein compression between SMA and aorta, causing hematuria, proteinuria, and testicular pain/varicocele

    Other

    • Tunica vaginalis: from peritoneum, not dartos fascia
    • Urinary bladder trigone: formed by both ureteric orifices, urethral orifice-internal urethral sphincter, and uvula of bladder
    • Camper fascia + Scarpa fascia -> Dartos fascia (fascia of penis)
    • Acidophils: somatotrophs cells produce GH, lactotropes cells produce prolactin
    • Basophils: thyrotropes cells produce TSH, gonadotropes cells produce FSH, LH, and corticotropes cells produce ACTH
    • Lymph drainage below pectinate line: into superficial inguinal nodes
    • Left gonadal artery: from abdominal aorta, left gonadal vein -> left renal vein, right gonadal vein -> IVC
    • Left colic flexure and left kidney are more upper than right
    • Aorta is located to the left, IVC is located to the right
    • Common iliac -> internal iliac -> internal pudendal
    • Efferent connections of autonomic fibers: paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, and medial forebrain bundle to sympathetic and parasympathetic presynaptic neurons of intermediolateral column
    • Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe):
      • Produces vasopressin or ADH, which reabsorbs water
      • Produces oxytocin, which contracts the uterus during childbirth and ejection of milk
      • Stored in granules at the terminal parts of the axons (Herring bodies)
      • Transported by glycoproteins called neurophysins
      • Axons are non-myelinated

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