Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the external urethral sphincter in males?
What is the primary function of the external urethral sphincter in males?
- To support the pelvic floor
- To assist in penile erection
- To control ejaculation
- To maintain urinary continence (correct)
Which structure is primarily responsible for strengthening the pelvic floor?
Which structure is primarily responsible for strengthening the pelvic floor?
- Deep transverse perineal muscle
- Ischial rami
- Superficial transverse perineal muscle
- Perineal body (correct)
In females, which of the following structures does the urethrovaginal sphincter encircle?
In females, which of the following structures does the urethrovaginal sphincter encircle?
- Vagina and anus
- Urethra and vagina (correct)
- Vagina and cervix
- Urethra and rectum
Which nerve is associated with the deep branch of the penis or clitoris?
Which nerve is associated with the deep branch of the penis or clitoris?
What is the origin of the deep transverse perineal muscle?
What is the origin of the deep transverse perineal muscle?
Which muscle is described as encircling the membranous urethra in males?
Which muscle is described as encircling the membranous urethra in males?
What is the main role of the perineal nerve?
What is the main role of the perineal nerve?
What are the ischial rami associated with in the context of pelvic muscles?
What are the ischial rami associated with in the context of pelvic muscles?
What is the primary function of the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle?
What is the primary function of the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle?
Which muscle is responsible for ipsilateral rotation of the head at the atlantoaxial joint?
Which muscle is responsible for ipsilateral rotation of the head at the atlantoaxial joint?
What does bilateral contraction of the obliquus capitis superior achieve?
What does bilateral contraction of the obliquus capitis superior achieve?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the rhomboid major muscle?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the rhomboid major muscle?
Which part of the trapezius muscle is involved in drawing the scapula superomedially?
Which part of the trapezius muscle is involved in drawing the scapula superomedially?
What is the primary function of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
What is the primary function of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
What is the origin of the serratus posterior superior muscle?
What is the origin of the serratus posterior superior muscle?
What role does the levator scapulae muscle play in neck movement?
What role does the levator scapulae muscle play in neck movement?
Which muscle aids in the rotation of the glenoid cavity inferiorly?
Which muscle aids in the rotation of the glenoid cavity inferiorly?
What is the action of the serratus posterior inferior muscle?
What is the action of the serratus posterior inferior muscle?
What is the function of the ascending part of the trapezius?
What is the function of the ascending part of the trapezius?
Which muscle is innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C3-C4?
Which muscle is innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C3-C4?
What distinguishes the function of the obliquus capitis superior muscle from the obliquus capitis inferior?
What distinguishes the function of the obliquus capitis superior muscle from the obliquus capitis inferior?
What is the primary function of the Splenius capitis muscle during unilateral contraction?
What is the primary function of the Splenius capitis muscle during unilateral contraction?
Which muscle's bilateral contraction is associated with extension of the cervical and thoracic spine?
Which muscle's bilateral contraction is associated with extension of the cervical and thoracic spine?
What is the primary function of the Multifidus lumborum during unilateral contraction?
What is the primary function of the Multifidus lumborum during unilateral contraction?
Which nerve innervates the Longissimus capitis muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Longissimus capitis muscle?
What structure does the Iliocostalis thoracis muscle primarily insert into?
What structure does the Iliocostalis thoracis muscle primarily insert into?
Which muscle assists in rib elevation as well as rotation of the thoracic spine?
Which muscle assists in rib elevation as well as rotation of the thoracic spine?
What is the role of the Interspinales muscles in the spine?
What is the role of the Interspinales muscles in the spine?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for extending the neck in bilateral contraction?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for extending the neck in bilateral contraction?
What is the primary function of the Pectoralis major muscle at the shoulder joint?
What is the primary function of the Pectoralis major muscle at the shoulder joint?
Which muscle originates from the thoracolumbar fascia?
Which muscle originates from the thoracolumbar fascia?
What is unique about the Rotatores longi in terms of their function?
What is unique about the Rotatores longi in terms of their function?
Where does the Intertransversarii muscle insert within the lumbar region?
Where does the Intertransversarii muscle insert within the lumbar region?
What is the function of the Semispinalis cervicis during unilateral contraction?
What is the function of the Semispinalis cervicis during unilateral contraction?
What is the role of the Anterior cervical intertransversarii muscles?
What is the role of the Anterior cervical intertransversarii muscles?
What is the main structural function of the perineal body?
What is the main structural function of the perineal body?
Which structure is primarily responsible for maintaining urinary continence in males?
Which structure is primarily responsible for maintaining urinary continence in males?
What is the distinguishing feature of the urethrovaginal sphincter in females?
What is the distinguishing feature of the urethrovaginal sphincter in females?
Which muscle provides support to the pelvic floor by connecting from the ischial tuberosities?
Which muscle provides support to the pelvic floor by connecting from the ischial tuberosities?
What is the innervation source of the pudendal nerve that affects the perineal region?
What is the innervation source of the pudendal nerve that affects the perineal region?
In males, which area is encompassed by the external urethral sphincter?
In males, which area is encompassed by the external urethral sphincter?
Which of the following structures contributes to the maintenance of an erection?
Which of the following structures contributes to the maintenance of an erection?
Which anatomical area is associated with the function of the deep transverse perineal muscle?
Which anatomical area is associated with the function of the deep transverse perineal muscle?
What function does the rectus capitis posterior major muscle primarily perform?
What function does the rectus capitis posterior major muscle primarily perform?
Which muscle's innervation is provided by the suboccipital nerve?
Which muscle's innervation is provided by the suboccipital nerve?
What is the role of the serratus posterior superior muscle?
What is the role of the serratus posterior superior muscle?
Which anatomical location serves as the origin for the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Which anatomical location serves as the origin for the latissimus dorsi muscle?
In which joint does the obliquus capitis superior muscle allow for contralateral head rotation?
In which joint does the obliquus capitis superior muscle allow for contralateral head rotation?
What is the primary function attributed to the ascending part of the trapezius muscle?
What is the primary function attributed to the ascending part of the trapezius muscle?
Which muscle inserts into the vertebral border of the scapula?
Which muscle inserts into the vertebral border of the scapula?
What action is performed by the levator scapulae muscle?
What action is performed by the levator scapulae muscle?
Which of the following muscles is involved in head extension at the atlantooccipital joint?
Which of the following muscles is involved in head extension at the atlantooccipital joint?
Which nerve innervates the motor functions associated with the trapezius muscle?
Which nerve innervates the motor functions associated with the trapezius muscle?
What is the primary action of the latissimus dorsi muscle at the shoulder joint?
What is the primary action of the latissimus dorsi muscle at the shoulder joint?
Which type of contraction of the obliquus capitis inferior muscle contributes to head rotation?
Which type of contraction of the obliquus capitis inferior muscle contributes to head rotation?
What is the role of the rhomboid major muscle in the scapula?
What is the role of the rhomboid major muscle in the scapula?
Which of the following describes the innervation of the serratus posterior inferior muscle?
Which of the following describes the innervation of the serratus posterior inferior muscle?
What can be inferred about the function of the Iliocostalis thoracis muscle during unilateral contraction?
What can be inferred about the function of the Iliocostalis thoracis muscle during unilateral contraction?
Which muscles have a role in contralateral rotation of the thoracic spine?
Which muscles have a role in contralateral rotation of the thoracic spine?
What primary action is facilitated by the Semispinalis capitis during unilateral contraction?
What primary action is facilitated by the Semispinalis capitis during unilateral contraction?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the Longissimus capitis muscle?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the Longissimus capitis muscle?
What is the action produced by bilateral contraction of the Spinalis thoracis?
What is the action produced by bilateral contraction of the Spinalis thoracis?
In what scenario is the Intertransversarii muscle primarily active?
In what scenario is the Intertransversarii muscle primarily active?
Which of the following muscles primarily functions to elevate the ribs?
Which of the following muscles primarily functions to elevate the ribs?
What is the role of the Multifidus muscle group in spinal mechanics?
What is the role of the Multifidus muscle group in spinal mechanics?
During unilateral contraction, which muscle primarily allows for lateral flexion of the cervical spine?
During unilateral contraction, which muscle primarily allows for lateral flexion of the cervical spine?
Which action is NOT typical of the Pectoralis major at the shoulder joint?
Which action is NOT typical of the Pectoralis major at the shoulder joint?
Which of the following muscles enables ipsilateral rotation of the head during unilateral contraction?
Which of the following muscles enables ipsilateral rotation of the head during unilateral contraction?
Which statement best describes the function of the Rotatores muscles?
Which statement best describes the function of the Rotatores muscles?
Which muscle primarily contributes to the rotation of the thoracic spine during unilateral contraction?
Which muscle primarily contributes to the rotation of the thoracic spine during unilateral contraction?
What action is primarily performed by the Interspinales muscles?
What action is primarily performed by the Interspinales muscles?
Study Notes
Superficial (Extrinsic) Muscles of the Back
Suboccipital Muscles
-
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
- Origin: Posterior tubercle of atlas
- Insertion: Medial part of inferior nuchal line
- Innervation: Atlantooccipital joint
- Function: Head extension
-
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
- Origin: Spinous process of axis
- Insertion: Lateral part of inferior nuchal line
- Innervation: Atlantooccipital joint
- Function: Head extension (bilateral contraction)
-
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
- Origin: Spinous process of axis
- Insertion: Transverse process of atlas
- Innervation: Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 (suboccipital nerve)
- Function: Head rotation (ipsilateral) and head extension (bilateral contraction)
-
Obliquus Capitis Superior
- Origin: Transverse process of atlas
- Insertion: Occipital bone (between superior and inferior nuchal lines)
- Innervation: Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 (suboccipital nerve)
- Function: Head rotation (contralateral), head lateral flexion (ipsilateral)
Superficial Layer Muscles
-
Trapezius
- Parts: Descending, Transverse, Ascending
- Descending: Origin at medial third of superior nuchal line; Insertion at lateral third of clavicle
- Function: Draws scapula superomedially
- Transverse: Origin at broad aponeurosis from spinous processes T1-T4; Insertion at acromion, spine of scapula
- Function: Supports scapula
- Ascending: Origin at spinous processes T5-T12; Insertion at medial end of spine of scapula
- Function: Draws scapula inferomedially
-
Levator Scapulae
- Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4
- Insertion: Medial border of scapula (from superior angle to root of spine)
- Innervation: Anterior rami of C3-C4, Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
- Function: Draws scapula superomedially and lateral flexion of neck (ipsilateral)
-
Rhomboid Major
- Origin: Spinous processes of T2-T5
- Insertion: Medial border of scapula (from inferior angle to root)
- Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
- Function: Draws scapula superomedially, rotates glenoid cavity inferiorly
-
Rhomboid Minor
- Origin: Nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T1
- Insertion: Root of spine of scapula
- Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
- Function: Supports position of scapula
-
Latissimus Dorsi
- Origins: Spinous processes T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, and posterior third of iliac crest
- Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
- Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
- Functions: Arm internal rotation, adduction, extension, assists in respiration
Intermediate Layer Muscles
-
Serratus Posterior Superior
- Origin: Nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T3
- Insertion: Superior borders of ribs 2-5
- Innervation: 2nd-5th intercostal nerves
- Function: Elevates ribs
-
Serratus Posterior Inferior
- Origin: Spinous processes of T11-L2
- Insertion: Inferior borders of ribs 9-12
- Innervation: Anterior rami of spinal nerves T9-T12
- Function: Depresses ribs### Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
-
Depresses and draws ribs posteroinferiorly.
-
Innervated by 9th-11th intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve.
Deep Muscles of the Back: Superficial Layer
- Splenius Capitis: Origin at spinous processes C7-T3, nuchal ligament; inserts at mastoid process and occipital bone; extends and laterally rotates head.
- Splenius Cervicis: Origin at spinous processes T3-T6; inserts at transverse processes C1-C3; extends and laterally rotates neck.
Deep Muscles of the Back: Intermediate Layer (Erector Spinae Group)
- Iliocostalis: Comprised of cervicis, thoracis, and lumborum; functions in spine extension.
- Cervicis: Origin at angles of ribs 3-6; inserts at transverse processes C4-C6.
- Thoracis: Extends and laterally flexes spine.
- Lumborum: Origin from sacrum; inserts at angles of ribs 5-12 and transverse processes L1-L4.
- Longissimus: Comprised of capitis, cervicis, and thoracis; extends and laterally flexes spine.
- Capitis: Inserts at mastoid process.
- Thoracis: Extends spine from L1-L5 and T1-T12.
- Spinalis: Comprised of cervicis and thoracis; extends cervical and thoracic spine.
Deep Muscles of the Back: Deep Layer
- Semispinalis Group: Extends head and neck.
- Capitis: From articular processes C4-C7; inserts at nuchal lines of occipital bone.
- Cervicis: From transverse processes T1-T6; inserts at spinous processes C2-C5.
- Thoracis: Similar function with different origins and insertions.
- Multifidus: Provides stability; supports spine extension and rotation.
- Rotatores: Rotates thoracic spine; categorized into breves and longi based on levels.
Deepest Layer: Interspinales and Intertransversarii
- Interspinales: Connect spinous processes; aid in spine extension.
- Cervicis, thoracis, and lumborum regions present.
- Intertransversarii: Stabilizes spine; aids lateral flexion.
Levatores Costarum
- Elevates ribs; innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T12.
Anterolateral Muscles of the Trunk: Muscles of the Thoracic Cage
- Pectoralis Major: Adducts and rotates arm; innervated by lateral and medial pectoral nerves.
- Pectoralis Minor: Stabilizes scapula; innervated by medial pectoral nerve.
- Serratus Anterior: Draws scapula forward; innervated by long thoracic nerve.
- Subclavius: Anchors and depresses clavicle; innervated by nerve to subclavius.
- Intercostals: External intercostals elevate ribs; internal intercostals depress ribs; innervated by intercostal nerves.
- Respiratory Diaphragm: Main muscle of breathing; innervated by phrenic nerves.
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
- External Abdominal Oblique: Flexes and rotates trunk; innervated by intercostal and subcostal nerves.
- Internal Abdominal Oblique: Similar functions with a different fiber orientation; innervated by intercostal nerves.
- Transversus Abdominis: Compresses abdominal viscera; innervated by intercostal nerves.
- Rectus Abdominis: Flexes trunk; innervated by intercostal nerves.
- Pyramidalis: Tenses linea alba, innervated by subcostal nerve.
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
- Levator Ani: Supports pelvic viscera and increases intraabdominal pressure; includes puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus.
- Coccygeus: Flexes coccyx; innervated by spinal nerves S4 and S5.
- Obturator Internus: Externally rotates thigh; stabilizes hip joint.
Perineal Muscles
-
External Anal Sphincter: Supports pelvic floor; innervated by pudendal nerve.
-
Bulbospongiosus: Assists in erection and supports perineal body; function differs in males and females.
-
Ischiocavernosus: Facilitates erection; attaches to crus of clitoris or penis.### Muscles and Nerves of the Pelvic Floor
-
Deep Branch Function: Maintains erection in both males (penis) and females (clitoris).
-
Innervation: Supplied by the perineal nerve (of pudendal nerve).
-
Walls of Vagina: Provides support and maintains structural integrity of the pelvic region.
Deep Transverse Perineal Muscle
- Origin: Inferior pubic rami and ischial rami.
- Insertion: Perineal body, which assists in maintaining pelvic floor integrity.
- Function: Strengthens pelvic floor to support abdominal and pelvic organs.
Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle
- Origin: Ischial tuberosities.
- Insertion: Connects at the perineal body, aiding in pelvic stability.
External Urethral Sphincter
-
Male Anatomical Features: Encircles membranous urethra and extends anteriorly to the prostatic urethra, neck of the urinary bladder, and to ischial rami (compressor urethrae).
-
Function in Males: Maintains urinary continence by compressing the urethra.
-
Female Anatomical Features: Encircles the urethra and neck of the bladder, extending to ischial rami (compressor urethrae), and encircles the vagina (urethrovaginal sphincter).
-
Function in Females: Maintains urinary continence and constricts the vaginal canal.
Completion of Muscle Charts
- Progress Acknowledged: Mastery of trunk muscle origins, insertions, innervations, and functions.
- Next Steps for Study: Focus on learning muscles of the lower limb, upper limb, and head & neck.
- Resources Available: Detailed muscle charts on every region of the body are accessible for further learning.
Superficial (Extrinsic) Muscles of the Back
Suboccipital Muscles
-
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
- Origin: Posterior tubercle of atlas
- Insertion: Medial part of inferior nuchal line
- Innervation: Atlantooccipital joint
- Function: Head extension
-
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
- Origin: Spinous process of axis
- Insertion: Lateral part of inferior nuchal line
- Innervation: Atlantooccipital joint
- Function: Head extension (bilateral contraction)
-
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
- Origin: Spinous process of axis
- Insertion: Transverse process of atlas
- Innervation: Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 (suboccipital nerve)
- Function: Head rotation (ipsilateral) and head extension (bilateral contraction)
-
Obliquus Capitis Superior
- Origin: Transverse process of atlas
- Insertion: Occipital bone (between superior and inferior nuchal lines)
- Innervation: Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 (suboccipital nerve)
- Function: Head rotation (contralateral), head lateral flexion (ipsilateral)
Superficial Layer Muscles
-
Trapezius
- Parts: Descending, Transverse, Ascending
- Descending: Origin at medial third of superior nuchal line; Insertion at lateral third of clavicle
- Function: Draws scapula superomedially
- Transverse: Origin at broad aponeurosis from spinous processes T1-T4; Insertion at acromion, spine of scapula
- Function: Supports scapula
- Ascending: Origin at spinous processes T5-T12; Insertion at medial end of spine of scapula
- Function: Draws scapula inferomedially
-
Levator Scapulae
- Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4
- Insertion: Medial border of scapula (from superior angle to root of spine)
- Innervation: Anterior rami of C3-C4, Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
- Function: Draws scapula superomedially and lateral flexion of neck (ipsilateral)
-
Rhomboid Major
- Origin: Spinous processes of T2-T5
- Insertion: Medial border of scapula (from inferior angle to root)
- Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
- Function: Draws scapula superomedially, rotates glenoid cavity inferiorly
-
Rhomboid Minor
- Origin: Nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T1
- Insertion: Root of spine of scapula
- Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
- Function: Supports position of scapula
-
Latissimus Dorsi
- Origins: Spinous processes T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, and posterior third of iliac crest
- Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
- Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
- Functions: Arm internal rotation, adduction, extension, assists in respiration
Intermediate Layer Muscles
-
Serratus Posterior Superior
- Origin: Nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T3
- Insertion: Superior borders of ribs 2-5
- Innervation: 2nd-5th intercostal nerves
- Function: Elevates ribs
-
Serratus Posterior Inferior
- Origin: Spinous processes of T11-L2
- Insertion: Inferior borders of ribs 9-12
- Innervation: Anterior rami of spinal nerves T9-T12
- Function: Depresses ribs### Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
-
Depresses and draws ribs posteroinferiorly.
-
Innervated by 9th-11th intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve.
Deep Muscles of the Back: Superficial Layer
- Splenius Capitis: Origin at spinous processes C7-T3, nuchal ligament; inserts at mastoid process and occipital bone; extends and laterally rotates head.
- Splenius Cervicis: Origin at spinous processes T3-T6; inserts at transverse processes C1-C3; extends and laterally rotates neck.
Deep Muscles of the Back: Intermediate Layer (Erector Spinae Group)
- Iliocostalis: Comprised of cervicis, thoracis, and lumborum; functions in spine extension.
- Cervicis: Origin at angles of ribs 3-6; inserts at transverse processes C4-C6.
- Thoracis: Extends and laterally flexes spine.
- Lumborum: Origin from sacrum; inserts at angles of ribs 5-12 and transverse processes L1-L4.
- Longissimus: Comprised of capitis, cervicis, and thoracis; extends and laterally flexes spine.
- Capitis: Inserts at mastoid process.
- Thoracis: Extends spine from L1-L5 and T1-T12.
- Spinalis: Comprised of cervicis and thoracis; extends cervical and thoracic spine.
Deep Muscles of the Back: Deep Layer
- Semispinalis Group: Extends head and neck.
- Capitis: From articular processes C4-C7; inserts at nuchal lines of occipital bone.
- Cervicis: From transverse processes T1-T6; inserts at spinous processes C2-C5.
- Thoracis: Similar function with different origins and insertions.
- Multifidus: Provides stability; supports spine extension and rotation.
- Rotatores: Rotates thoracic spine; categorized into breves and longi based on levels.
Deepest Layer: Interspinales and Intertransversarii
- Interspinales: Connect spinous processes; aid in spine extension.
- Cervicis, thoracis, and lumborum regions present.
- Intertransversarii: Stabilizes spine; aids lateral flexion.
Levatores Costarum
- Elevates ribs; innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T12.
Anterolateral Muscles of the Trunk: Muscles of the Thoracic Cage
- Pectoralis Major: Adducts and rotates arm; innervated by lateral and medial pectoral nerves.
- Pectoralis Minor: Stabilizes scapula; innervated by medial pectoral nerve.
- Serratus Anterior: Draws scapula forward; innervated by long thoracic nerve.
- Subclavius: Anchors and depresses clavicle; innervated by nerve to subclavius.
- Intercostals: External intercostals elevate ribs; internal intercostals depress ribs; innervated by intercostal nerves.
- Respiratory Diaphragm: Main muscle of breathing; innervated by phrenic nerves.
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
- External Abdominal Oblique: Flexes and rotates trunk; innervated by intercostal and subcostal nerves.
- Internal Abdominal Oblique: Similar functions with a different fiber orientation; innervated by intercostal nerves.
- Transversus Abdominis: Compresses abdominal viscera; innervated by intercostal nerves.
- Rectus Abdominis: Flexes trunk; innervated by intercostal nerves.
- Pyramidalis: Tenses linea alba, innervated by subcostal nerve.
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
- Levator Ani: Supports pelvic viscera and increases intraabdominal pressure; includes puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus.
- Coccygeus: Flexes coccyx; innervated by spinal nerves S4 and S5.
- Obturator Internus: Externally rotates thigh; stabilizes hip joint.
Perineal Muscles
-
External Anal Sphincter: Supports pelvic floor; innervated by pudendal nerve.
-
Bulbospongiosus: Assists in erection and supports perineal body; function differs in males and females.
-
Ischiocavernosus: Facilitates erection; attaches to crus of clitoris or penis.### Muscles and Nerves of the Pelvic Floor
-
Deep Branch Function: Maintains erection in both males (penis) and females (clitoris).
-
Innervation: Supplied by the perineal nerve (of pudendal nerve).
-
Walls of Vagina: Provides support and maintains structural integrity of the pelvic region.
Deep Transverse Perineal Muscle
- Origin: Inferior pubic rami and ischial rami.
- Insertion: Perineal body, which assists in maintaining pelvic floor integrity.
- Function: Strengthens pelvic floor to support abdominal and pelvic organs.
Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle
- Origin: Ischial tuberosities.
- Insertion: Connects at the perineal body, aiding in pelvic stability.
External Urethral Sphincter
-
Male Anatomical Features: Encircles membranous urethra and extends anteriorly to the prostatic urethra, neck of the urinary bladder, and to ischial rami (compressor urethrae).
-
Function in Males: Maintains urinary continence by compressing the urethra.
-
Female Anatomical Features: Encircles the urethra and neck of the bladder, extending to ischial rami (compressor urethrae), and encircles the vagina (urethrovaginal sphincter).
-
Function in Females: Maintains urinary continence and constricts the vaginal canal.
Completion of Muscle Charts
- Progress Acknowledged: Mastery of trunk muscle origins, insertions, innervations, and functions.
- Next Steps for Study: Focus on learning muscles of the lower limb, upper limb, and head & neck.
- Resources Available: Detailed muscle charts on every region of the body are accessible for further learning.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the superficial and suboccipital muscles of the back with this concise cheat sheet quiz. Focus on origins, insertions, innervations, and functions of key muscle groups. Ideal for anatomy students and health professionals.
