Anatomy Chapter 10: Homeostasis and Skin Structure

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of the prone position?

Facing down, like lying on your stomach (correct)

Standing with arms at the sides

Facing up, like lying on your back

Kneeling with the chest facing the ground

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

Midsagittal plane

Sagittal plane

Transverse plane

Frontal (coronal) plane (correct)

Which layer of the epidermis is absent in thin skin?

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosome

Stratum basale

Stratum lacidum (correct)

In the context of homeostasis, what does the effector do?

Makes physical changes to the body in response to signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of desmosomes in the stratum spinosum?

Binding keratinocytes together Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a variable from a sensor in the homeostatic cycle?

The variable initiates responses, while the sensor detects changes. Signup and view all the answers

Which intercellular junction allows for communication of ions between cells?

Gap junctions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes extrinsic regulation?

Deliberate actions to support homeostasis such as drinking water Signup and view all the answers

What plays a crucial role in skin color variation?

Eumelanin and phomelanin together Signup and view all the answers

What is true about negative feedback loops?

They stabilize variables and counteract deviations Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'set point' in homeostasis?

The normal range the body maintains for a variable Signup and view all the answers

Fibroblasts are primarily responsible for the production of which type of tissue in the dermis?

Dense connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What does the proximal term indicate in anatomical terms?

Closer to the point of attachment to the abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when an incision cuts across tension lines in the skin?

Stress pulls the cut edges apart Signup and view all the answers

The papillary layer of the dermis is characterized by which of the following?

Lymphatic vessels and sensory nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the basement membrane in the skin?

Glues the epidermis and dermis together Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adipose tissue?

Insulation and energy storage Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily responsible for the strength of dense regular connective tissue?

Dense collagenous fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

Reduces friction in joints Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type serves as the primary filter in the spleen and lymph nodes?

Reticular tissue Signup and view all the answers

What structure is critical for delivering blood to bone cells in compact bone?

Haversian canal Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of skin contains dense regular connective tissue?

Dermis Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for producing keratin in the skin?

Keratinocytes Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature distinguishes fibrocartilage from dense regular connective tissue?

Presence of lacunae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tight junctions in cells?

Prevent leakage of extracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which type of melanin contributes to lighter skin tones?

Pheomelanin Signup and view all the answers

What role do Langer's lines play in surgical healing?

They slow down healing when incised across tension lines. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the dermal papillae?

To create friction ridges for grip Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for producing vitamin D in the skin?

UV radiation Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers in the reticular layer contribute to the skin's toughness?

Collagenous fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dendric cells in the skin?

Present foreign antigens to immune cells Signup and view all the answers

What causes stretch marks to form in the dermis layer?

Quick skin growth beyond normal limits Signup and view all the answers

What function does the hypodermis serve related to blood vessels?

It acts as a blood reservoir, constricting vessels as needed. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a primary purpose of hair on the human body?

Regeneration of skin cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the secretions of eccrine sweat glands primarily made up of?

Salt, ammonia, and uric acid. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does apocrine sweat have compared to eccrine sweat?

It is viscous and may produce an odor. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

Mast cells trigger inflammatory responses and bleeding occurs. Signup and view all the answers

Why is keratin important for skin health?

It helps in water retention by creating a waterproof barrier. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of skin contains permanent tissue?

Hypodermis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin D in the body?

Helps retain calcium for bone strength. Signup and view all the answers

What causes lymphedema?

Inability to move lymph due to muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which tonsil is located the farthest back in the throat?

Pharyngeal tonsil Signup and view all the answers

What age is the thymus gland largest?

At 2 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T cells?

To identify and signal immune responses to foreign invaders Signup and view all the answers

Where is the spleen primarily located?

Inferior to the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

How does HIV affect T cells?

It targets and destroys them Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of the spleen?

To filter pathogens from the blood Signup and view all the answers

What condition might require tonsil removal?

Chronic tonsillitis causing airway blockage Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lymphatic System

Protects against invaders entering via the mouth or nose.
Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, helping fight infections.
Lymph vessels carry lymph fluid.
Lymph fluid is similar to blood plasma but with less protein.
Lymph nodes contain germinal centers for immune cell growth.

Body Cavities

Cranial cavity encloses the brain.
Vertebral cavity surrounds the spinal cord.
Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Thoracic cavity contains the pleural cavity (lungs) and pericardial cavity (heart).
Abdominal cavity houses most of the digestive organs.
Pelvic cavity holds the reproductive organs and bladder.

Directional Terms

Superior: Above, toward the head
Inferior: Below, away from the head
Anterior/Ventral: Front of the body
Posterior/Dorsal: Back of the body
Medial: Toward the midline of the body
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment
Distal: Farther from the point of attachment
Superficial: On the surface
Deep: Inside

Body Planes

Transverse: Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
Frontal/Coronal: Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left halves (midsagittal is equal halves, parasagittal is unequal)

Human Body Organ Systems

There are 11 body systems working together

Homeostasis

The body maintains a stable internal environment.
Variables, sensors, integrators, and effectors work together to maintain a set point (desired value).
Negative feedback loops stabilize variables by opposing changes, while positive feedback loops amplify changes.

Diagnostic Strategies

X-rays: Use radiation to reveal denser tissues.
CT scans: Combine multiple X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images.
MRIs: Use magnetic fields to create detailed images of soft tissues.
PET scans: Use radioactive tracers to visualize active tissue.
Ultrasound: Use sound waves to create images of internal structures.
Digital subtraction angiography: Injects dye to visualize blood vessels, highlighting blockages.

Atomic Number and Mass

Atomic number (Z): Number of protons in an atom.
Atomic mass (A): The sum of protons and neutrons.

Atomic Structure

Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons are positively charged, Neutrons have no charge and Electrons are negatively charged

Molecules and Compounds

Molecules are formed when two atoms join together.
A chemical compound is formed when two atoms of different elements join together in a chemical reaction

Chemical Reactions

Synthesis reactions build molecules;
Decomposition reactions break molecules apart;
Exchange reactions rearrange parts of molecules.

pH

pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+).
Lower pH values indicate acidity, while higher pH values indicate alkalinity.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
7 is neutral

Cell Structure and Function

Phospholipid bilayer: Forms the cell membrane.
Proteins: Support, transport, and regulate the cell.
Carbohydrates: Aid in cell recognition and communication.
Cholesterol: Maintains membrane fluidity.
Nucleus: Holds genetic material (DNA).
Nucleolus: Site of ribosome production.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Synthesizes and transports proteins.
Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
Golgi apparatus: Processes proteins and packages them for transport.
Lysosomes: Digest cellular waste.
Peroxisomes: Break down fatty acids and other substances.

Connective Tissues

Fibrous connective tissues (collagen, elastic, and reticular) provide support and structure.
Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage) supports and cushions joints.
Bone (compact and cancellous) provides support and protection.
Bloods (transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes).

Epithelial Tissues

Cover body surfaces and line body cavities.
Simple epithelium has one layer; stratified epithelium has multiple layers.
Classifying epithelium depends on cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and number of layers (simple or stratified)

Nervous Tissue

Consists of nerve cells (neurons) that transmit electrical impulses.
Neuroglia support and nourish neurons.
Neuroglia are also known as glial cells.

Muscle Tissues

Skeletal muscles: Voluntary movement.
Cardiac muscles: Heart's involuntary contractions.
Smooth muscles: Involuntary movements in internal organs and blood vessels.

Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
The goal is to have equal concentration on both sides of the membrane.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the human body's anatomical terms, skin layers, and the processes of homeostasis with this engaging quiz. Explore crucial concepts such as the functions of desmosomes, intercellular junctions, and the role of fibroblasts in the dermis. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.