Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a mechanical barrier in the immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanical barrier in the immune system?
What is the primary function of MHC proteins in the immune system?
What is the primary function of MHC proteins in the immune system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of humoral immunity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of humoral immunity?
What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?
What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?
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Which of the following is an example of autoimmunity?
Which of the following is an example of autoimmunity?
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What is the term for the process by which the immune system 'remembers' specific pathogens?
What is the term for the process by which the immune system 'remembers' specific pathogens?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
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What is the primary function of the lymph nodes?
What is the primary function of the lymph nodes?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of cell-mediated immunity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell-mediated immunity?
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What is the term for the movement of lymph fluid through the lymphatic vessels?
What is the term for the movement of lymph fluid through the lymphatic vessels?
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Study Notes
Heart Anatomy and Function
- Identify major chambers: left and right atria, left and right ventricles
- Identify valves: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic
- Identify blood vessels: superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins, aorta
- Identify other anatomical structures: septum, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles
Cardiac Cycle
- Cardiac cycle: sequence of physical events that occur in the heart from systole to diastole
- Systole: contraction of ventricles, pumping blood out of heart
- Diastole: relaxation of ventricles, filling with blood
- Cardiac output: volume of blood pumped by heart per minute
- Stroke volume: volume of blood pumped by heart per beat
- Cardiac conduction system: regulates heartbeat, includes SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
- Heart sounds: S1 (lubb) and S2 (dupp) sounds occur during systole and diastole
Heart Rate Regulation
- Heart rate determined by: autonomic nervous system, cardiac conduction system, hormonal regulation
- Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic (increases heart rate) and parasympathetic (decreases heart rate) systems
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure: force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls
- Controlled by: cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume, blood viscosity, vessel length and radius
- Vasoconstriction and vasodilation: decrease and increase blood pressure, respectively
Blood Pressure Regulation
- Mechanisms that aid in return of venous blood to heart: skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, valves in veins
Lymphatic System
- Functions: defend against infection, absorb fats, maintain fluid balance
- Distribution: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils)
Lymphatic vs. Blood Vessels
- Lymphatic vessels: thinner walls, smaller lumens, valves to prevent backflow
- Blood vessels: thicker walls, larger lumens, no valves to prevent backflow
Lymph Fluid Composition
- Similar to blood plasma, but with less protein and more lipid content
Lymph Fluid Movement
- Respiratory forces: aid in movement of lymph fluid through thoracic duct
Immune System Organs
- Spleen: filters blood, detects foreign substances
- Thymus: matures T-lymphocytes
- Tonsils: detects foreign substances in oral cavity
- Lymph nodes: filters lymph fluid, detects foreign substances
Immune System Functions
- Specific resistance: defense against specific pathogens
- Nonspecific resistance: defense against all foreign substances
- Functions: recognition, activation, elimination of pathogens
Immune System Mechanisms
- Mechanical barriers: skin, mucous membranes
- Inflammation: response to tissue damage or infection
- Cells: WBCs, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes
- Fever: increases body temperature to inhibit pathogen growth
- Complement protein: series of proteins that aid in pathogen elimination
- Interferon: prevents viral replication
Immune System Terms
- Antigen: substance that elicits immune response
- Antibody: protein produced in response to antigen
- Agglutinogens: substances that cause agglutination (clumping) of particles
Lymphocyte Development
- T-lymphocytes: develop in thymus, mature in lymphoid organs
- B-lymphocytes: develop in bone marrow, mature in lymphoid organs
Antigen Presenting Cells and MHC Proteins
- Antigen presenting cells (APCs): present antigens to T-lymphocytes
- MHC proteins: involved in antigen presentation
Immune System Types
- Cell-mediated immunity: T-lymphocytes recognize and eliminate infected cells
- Humoral immunity: B-lymphocytes produce antibodies to eliminate pathogens
Complement System
- Involved in cell-mediated and humoral immunity
- Activated by antibodies, aids in pathogen elimination
Immune System Responses
- Primary response: initial response to antigen
- Secondary response: rapid response to subsequent exposure to antigen
- Passive immunity: recipient receives antibodies or immune cells
- Active immunity: recipient's immune system produces antibodies or immune cells
Autoimmunity
- Immune system attacks self-antigens, resulting in disease or tissue damage
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Description
Identify and describe the major structures and functions of the human heart, including chambers, valves, and blood vessels. Explain the cardiac cycle, cardiac output, and heart rate regulation.
