Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a mechanical barrier in the immune system?
What is the primary function of MHC proteins in the immune system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of humoral immunity?
What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?
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Which of the following is an example of autoimmunity?
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What is the term for the process by which the immune system 'remembers' specific pathogens?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
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What is the primary function of the lymph nodes?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of cell-mediated immunity?
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What is the term for the movement of lymph fluid through the lymphatic vessels?
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Study Notes
Heart Anatomy and Function
- Identify major chambers: left and right atria, left and right ventricles
- Identify valves: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic
- Identify blood vessels: superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins, aorta
- Identify other anatomical structures: septum, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles
Cardiac Cycle
- Cardiac cycle: sequence of physical events that occur in the heart from systole to diastole
- Systole: contraction of ventricles, pumping blood out of heart
- Diastole: relaxation of ventricles, filling with blood
- Cardiac output: volume of blood pumped by heart per minute
- Stroke volume: volume of blood pumped by heart per beat
- Cardiac conduction system: regulates heartbeat, includes SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
- Heart sounds: S1 (lubb) and S2 (dupp) sounds occur during systole and diastole
Heart Rate Regulation
- Heart rate determined by: autonomic nervous system, cardiac conduction system, hormonal regulation
- Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic (increases heart rate) and parasympathetic (decreases heart rate) systems
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure: force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls
- Controlled by: cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume, blood viscosity, vessel length and radius
- Vasoconstriction and vasodilation: decrease and increase blood pressure, respectively
Blood Pressure Regulation
- Mechanisms that aid in return of venous blood to heart: skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, valves in veins
Lymphatic System
- Functions: defend against infection, absorb fats, maintain fluid balance
- Distribution: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils)
Lymphatic vs. Blood Vessels
- Lymphatic vessels: thinner walls, smaller lumens, valves to prevent backflow
- Blood vessels: thicker walls, larger lumens, no valves to prevent backflow
Lymph Fluid Composition
- Similar to blood plasma, but with less protein and more lipid content
Lymph Fluid Movement
- Respiratory forces: aid in movement of lymph fluid through thoracic duct
Immune System Organs
- Spleen: filters blood, detects foreign substances
- Thymus: matures T-lymphocytes
- Tonsils: detects foreign substances in oral cavity
- Lymph nodes: filters lymph fluid, detects foreign substances
Immune System Functions
- Specific resistance: defense against specific pathogens
- Nonspecific resistance: defense against all foreign substances
- Functions: recognition, activation, elimination of pathogens
Immune System Mechanisms
- Mechanical barriers: skin, mucous membranes
- Inflammation: response to tissue damage or infection
- Cells: WBCs, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes
- Fever: increases body temperature to inhibit pathogen growth
- Complement protein: series of proteins that aid in pathogen elimination
- Interferon: prevents viral replication
Immune System Terms
- Antigen: substance that elicits immune response
- Antibody: protein produced in response to antigen
- Agglutinogens: substances that cause agglutination (clumping) of particles
Lymphocyte Development
- T-lymphocytes: develop in thymus, mature in lymphoid organs
- B-lymphocytes: develop in bone marrow, mature in lymphoid organs
Antigen Presenting Cells and MHC Proteins
- Antigen presenting cells (APCs): present antigens to T-lymphocytes
- MHC proteins: involved in antigen presentation
Immune System Types
- Cell-mediated immunity: T-lymphocytes recognize and eliminate infected cells
- Humoral immunity: B-lymphocytes produce antibodies to eliminate pathogens
Complement System
- Involved in cell-mediated and humoral immunity
- Activated by antibodies, aids in pathogen elimination
Immune System Responses
- Primary response: initial response to antigen
- Secondary response: rapid response to subsequent exposure to antigen
- Passive immunity: recipient receives antibodies or immune cells
- Active immunity: recipient's immune system produces antibodies or immune cells
Autoimmunity
- Immune system attacks self-antigens, resulting in disease or tissue damage
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Description
Identify and describe the major structures and functions of the human heart, including chambers, valves, and blood vessels. Explain the cardiac cycle, cardiac output, and heart rate regulation.
