Anatomy and Physiology Introduction

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Questions and Answers

In the anatomical position, the palms of the hands face:

Upward

Backward

Downward

Forward (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?

Responsiveness

Inorganic (correct)

Metabolism

Homeostasis

What is the primary function of the skin and membranes in maintaining homeostasis?

To eliminate waste products

To facilitate movement

To regulate body temperature

To maintain boundaries (correct)

What is necessary for the production of energy and making of body structures?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a directional term?

Up and down Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the body's weight is made up of water?

60-80% Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a disturbance in homeostasis?

Disease Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for the breakdown and delivery of nutrients?

Digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Integumentary System?

Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissue from injury and drying out Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Cardiovascular System?

Transports materials in body via the blood pumped by the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Muscular System?

Allows locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Urinary System?

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and maintains acid-base balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts?

Anatomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Respiratory System?

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Endocrine System?

Secretes regulatory hormones for growth, reproduction, and metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of how the body and its parts work or function?

Physiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the receptor in a feedback mechanism?

To send information to the control center Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the control center in a feedback mechanism?

To analyze the information and determine the response Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a negative feedback mechanism?

A decrease in the original stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the effector in a feedback mechanism?

To provide the means for the control center's response Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

Blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between negative and positive feedback mechanisms?

The direction of the response to the stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Gross anatomy deals with large structures that are easily observable
Microscopic anatomy deals with very small structures that can only be viewed with a microscope

Organ Systems Overview

Integumentary System:
- Forms the external body covering
- Protects deeper tissue from injury and drying out
- Synthesizes vitamin D
- Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Skeletal System:
- Protects and supports body organs
- Provides muscle attachment for movement
- Site of blood cell formation
- Stores minerals
Muscular System:
- Allows locomotion
- Maintains posture
- Produces heat
Nervous System:
- Fast-acting control system
- Responds to internal and external changes
- Activates muscles and glands
Endocrine System:
- Secretes regulatory hormones for growth, reproduction, and metabolism
Cardiovascular System:
- Transports materials in the body via the blood pumped by the heart
- Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes
Lymphatic System:
- Returns fluids to blood vessels
- Disposes of debris
- Involved in immunity by destroying bacteria and tumor cells
Respiratory System:
- Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
- Removes carbon dioxide
Digestive System:
- Breaks down food
- Allows for nutrient absorption into the blood
- Eliminates indigestible material
Urinary System:
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
- Maintains acid-base balance
- Regulates water and electrolyte levels
Reproductive System:
- Produces offspring

Language of Anatomy

Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for position, direction, regions, and structures

Characteristics of Life

Necessary Life Functions:
- Maintain Boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
Survival Needs:
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Stable body temperature
- Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment or a dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic Imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Feedback Mechanisms

Components:
- Variable
- Receptor
- Control Center
- Effector
Negative Feedback Mechanisms:
- Result when a change in condition triggers action that reverses the change
- Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
- Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Positive Feedback Mechanisms:
- Result in having the body react to a change by amplifying it
- Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
- In the body, this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of anatomy and physiology, including the study of body structure and function. It introduces the concept of gross and microscopic anatomy and the different levels of structural organization. The integumentary system is also briefly discussed.