Anatomy and Physiology I - Assignment 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of these is the name of the membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone?

  • Periosteum
  • Osteon
  • Articular cartilage
  • Endosteum (correct)

Which of the following groups of muscles are known as the hamstrings?

  • Biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and soleus
  • Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus (correct)
  • Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris
  • Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis

At which anatomical location do the scapula and humerus articulate?

  • Hip
  • Wrist
  • Elbow
  • Shoulder (correct)

Which of the following is a characteristic of the maxilla?

<p>It contains the upper teeth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the articulation between the femur and tibia?

<p>Tibiofemoral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is least consistent with the characteristics of the occipital bone?

<p>It is a facial bone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a location found within a bone?

<p>Endosteum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a bone found in the leg?

<p>Ulna (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contraction, which of the following does NOT directly interact with actin?

<p>Myosin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action do the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles primarily perform?

<p>Flex the hand at the wrist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes are all cell types associated with which of the following?

<p>Bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic shared by the tibiofemoral, hip, glenohumeral, and humeroulnar joints?

<p>They are all freely movable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT a feature of the occipital bone?

<p>External auditory meatus (A), Mastoid process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 'soft spots' in a baby's skull more commonly known as?

<p>Fontanels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for the rounded appearance of the shoulder?

<p>Deltoid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The collective action of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius muscles results in what movement?

<p>Knee extension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate trigger for the release of acetylcholine from a neuron's membrane?

<p>Nerve impulse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The olecranon process is a prominent part of which joint?

<p>Elbow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological effect of curare-induced muscle blockade at the neuromuscular junction?

<p>Causes paralysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct function of the rectus femoris?

<p>Extend the leg at the knee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If acetylcholinesterase were to be severely inhibited, what effect would this have on muscle function?

<p>Prolonged muscle contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the diaphysis?

<p>Shaft of a long bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the carpals?

<p>They are wrist bones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for actions like pointing an arm directly forward, with its origins on the clavicle, upper ribs, and sternum?

<p>Pectoralis major (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these groupings contains an incorrect element?

<p>Bones of the lower extremities: femur, tibia, clavicle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle compresses the cheek to position food for chewing?

<p>Buccinator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the occipital bone?

<p>It contains the foramen magnum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the mandible, which statement is the least accurate?

<p>It is a cranial bone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a type of vertebrae found in the spinal column?

<p>Scapular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not directly involved in the knee joint?

<p>Fibula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the articular cartilage?

<p>To protect the bone from direct impact/friction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the mandible?

<p>Articulates with the occipital bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The olecranon process is a bony projection most closely associated with which joint?

<p>Humeroulnar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does muscle relaxation occur?

<p>Calcium is actively pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles are primarily responsible for moving the rib cage during breathing?

<p>Intercostal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rectus, transversus, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles are all examples of which type of muscles?

<p>Abdominal muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structures are the hallux and pollex associated with?

<p>Phalanges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the intercostal muscles?

<p>Moving the rib cage during breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is formed by the articulation of the mandible with which specific bone?

<p>Temporal bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures is most involved in the actual contraction process of a muscle cell?

<p>The sarcomere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary process occurs when calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Muscle relaxation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Periosteum

A tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bones, except at the articular cartilage.

Endosteum

A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity of bones, containing bone-forming cells.

Osteon

A structural unit of compact bone, composed of concentric rings of bone tissue around a central canal.

Articular Cartilage

A smooth, specialized type of cartilage that covers the ends of bones in a joint, reducing friction and absorbing shock.

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Tendon

A strong, fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

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Ligament

A strong, fibrous band that connects bone to bone, providing stability to joints.

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Tibiofemoral joint

The joint where the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone) meet, forming the knee joint.

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Myosin

The protein that makes up thick filaments in skeletal muscle, responsible for contracting the muscle fibers.

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Troponin

A protein that binds calcium and triggers the movement of tropomyosin, revealing the myosin binding sites on actin.

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Tropomyosin

A protein that covers the myosin binding sites on actin, preventing muscle contraction when calcium levels are low.

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Sarcoplasmic reticulum

The specialized network of membrane-bound sacs that stores calcium ions in skeletal muscle cells.

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What is the TMJ?

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is located where the mandible (lower jaw) connects to the temporal bone of the skull. It allows for movements like chewing, speaking, and opening and closing the mouth.

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Where is the olecranon process located?

The olecranon process, a bony projection on the ulna, is the key part of the elbow joint. It fits into a notch on the humerus, ensuring the stability of the elbow for bending and straightening.

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How do muscles relax?

Muscle relaxation occurs when calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This removes calcium from the sarcomere, preventing the interaction of actin and myosin, causing the muscle to release tension.

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Which muscles help with breathing?

Intercostal muscles are located between the ribs. They help move the rib cage during breathing. These muscles assist the diaphragm in expanding and contracting the chest cavity, enabling inhalation and exhalation.

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What are the four main abdominal muscles?

The rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis are the four main abdominal muscles. They help stabilize the core, support the spine, and support movements like twisting and bending.

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What are the hallux and pollex?

The hallux and pollex are the big toe and thumb, respectively. They both have unique structures and movements compared to other digits. They are crucial for balance, walking, and manipulating objects.

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What is the occipital bone?

The occipital bone is located at the back of the skull and contains the foramen magnum, a large opening that allows the spinal cord to pass through.

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What are fontanels?

Fontanels are soft spots on a baby's skull that allow for the skull to grow and expand rapidly during infancy. They are made of fibrous membranes and eventually fuse into bone as the baby grows.

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What is the deltoid muscle?

The deltoid muscle is a large, triangular muscle on the shoulder that covers the shoulder joint like a 'shoulder pad.' It abducts the arm, meaning it raises it away from the body.

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What are the muscles of the quadriceps femoris?

The quadriceps femoris is a large muscle group located at the front of the thigh. It consists of four muscles: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius. These muscles extend the leg at the knee.

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What is acetylcholine and how does it work?

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is released from the neuron's membrane in response to a nerve impulse. It binds to receptors on the muscle fibers, causing them to contract.

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What is the olecranon process?

The olecranon process is a bony projection on the ulna, the bone on the little finger side of the forearm. It forms the bony prominence on the back of the elbow joint.

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What is Curare and what does it do?

Curare is a poison that blocks the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. This prevents the muscle from receiving the signal to contract, resulting in paralysis.

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What is the trapezius muscle?

The trapezius is a large, diamond-shaped muscle that covers the back of the neck and shoulders. It helps with movements like rotating the shoulder blade and extending the head.

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What is the Sternocleidomastoid muscle?

The Sternocleidomastoid is a large muscle that extends from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the skull. It helps with movements like rotating and flexing the head.

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What is the diaphysis?

The shaft or central part of a long bone.

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Describe the carpals.

The carpals are eight small bones located in the wrist, forming the joint between the hand and forearm.

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Identify the muscle responsible for pointing directly in front.

The pectoralis major muscle is a large, fan-shaped muscle located in the chest. It is responsible for pushing, pulling, and rotating the arm.

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Which bone is NOT found in the lower extremities?

The clavicle, also known as the collarbone, is a long bone that connects the shoulder blade (scapula) to the sternum (breastbone).

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What muscle positions food for chewing?

The buccinator muscle is a flat muscle located in the cheek. It helps to flatten the cheek and position food between the teeth for chewing.

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What bone contains the foramen magnum?

The occipital bone is located at the back of the skull. It forms the base of the skull and contains the foramen magnum, which is the opening through which the spinal cord passes.

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Which statement about the mandible is LEAST true?

The mandible, also known as the lower jawbone, is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It is the only movable bone in the skull. Unlike other skull bones, it doesn't have a suture connection to the cranium, instead articulating with the temporal bone.

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What are the three abnormal curvatures of the spine?

Scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis are abnormal curvatures of the spine.

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Describe the different types of ribs.

True ribs are directly attached to the sternum. False ribs are attached to the sternum indirectly via cartilage. Floating ribs are not attached to the sternum.

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Which bone is NOT found in the lower extremities?

The humerus is the long bone in your upper arm, connecting to your shoulder and elbow.

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology I - Assignment 1

  • Periosteum: Outer connective tissue layer surrounding the diaphysis of a long bone, containing blood vessels supplying the bone.

  • Hamstrings: Group of muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus) located on the posterior thigh.

  • Shoulder Joint: Formed by the scapula and humerus.

  • Maxilla: Facial bone containing the upper teeth.

  • Tibiofemoral Joint: Formed by the meeting of the femur and tibia.

  • Occipital Bone: Cranial bone containing the foramen magnum and condyles that articulate with C1 (first cervical vertebra).

  • Fontanels: "Soft spots" in a baby's skull.

  • Deltoid Muscle: Covers the shoulder like a shoulder pad.

  • Quadriceps Femoris: Muscle group (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius) responsible for extending the leg at the knee.

  • Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter released from neurons in response to a nerve impulse, crucial for muscle contraction.

  • Elbow Joint: Associated with the olecranon process.

  • Curare: Causes muscle paralysis by blocking neuromuscular receptors.

  • Diaphysis: Shaft of a long bone.

  • Carpals: Wrist bones, categorized as short bones.

  • Pectoralis Major: Large anterior chest muscle; inserts on the anterior humerus.

  • Abnormal Spinal Curvatures: Scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis.

  • Buccinator Muscle: Muscle that flattens the cheek and moves food.

  • Mandible: Lower jaw bone; crucial for mastication (chewing)

  • Types of Muscle Relaxation: Sarcomere depletion of ATP, calcium reabsorption into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

  • Intercostal Muscles: Muscles between ribs, aiding in breathing.

  • Abdominal Muscles: Rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique

  • Hallux and Pollex: The great toe (hallux) and thumb (pollex).

  • Ulna: Bone part of the forearm, but not in the lower limb.

  • Thin Filament Components: Myosin binding site, troponin, tropomyosin

  • Flexor Carpi Radialis and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Muscles flexing the wrist.

  • Osteoblast, Osteoclast, Osseous Tissue: Terms related to bone formation, absorption, and tissue itself, respectively.

  • Freely Movable Joints: Tibiofemoral, hip, glenohumeral, humeroulnar.

  • Calcium Storage: Sarcoplasmic reticulum in relaxed skeletal muscle.

  • Trapezius Muscle: Involved in posture and movement of the scapula.

  • Sternocleidomastoid: Muscle of anterior neck

  • Humerus Length Measurement: From the acromion to the olecranon process

  • Fascicles: Bundles of muscle fibers bound by connective tissue.

  • Calcaneus: Heel bone.

  • Extending the Thigh at the Hip: The hamstring group are responsible.

  • Greater and Lesser Trochanters: Parts of the femur.

  • Palatine Process: Part of the maxilla, forming the anterior hard palate.

  • Long Bones/Bone Markings: Radius, femur, greater trochanter. (Suture's part of a joint not a bone).

  • Biceps Brachii: Muscle, on the anterior humerus, flexing the forearm.

  • Muscle Groups in the Upper Extremities: Triceps brachii, biceps brachii , pronators.

  • Cartilage Replacement by Bone: Ossification.

  • Gastrocnemius and Soleus (Muscles): "Toe dancer's" muscles.

  • Glenohumeral Joint: Where the scapula and humerus meet.

  • Myoglobin's Role: Oxygen storage in muscle tissue leading to the "red" color.

  • Tendons Attachment: Periosteum.

  • Orbicularis Oris: Muscle controlling the movement of the mouth

  • Recruitment: Increases muscle force by activating more motor units.

  • Tendons: Attach muscle to bone.

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A&P101: Anatomy and Physiology I Assignment 1 PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts from Anatomy and Physiology I, including definitions and functions of various anatomical structures such as bones, muscles, and joints. Test your knowledge on terminology like the periosteum, hamstrings, and the shoulder joint to enhance your understanding of human anatomy.

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