Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 1-2

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Questions and Answers

What is the study of the structure of the body called?

Physiology

Anatomy (correct)

Chemistry

Biology

Physiology refers to the study of:

Cells

Function (correct)

Structure

Anatomy

Which of the following refers to opposite sides of the body?

Medullary

Ipsilateral

Cortical

Contralateral (correct)

Which body cavity contains the brain?

Cranial Signup and view all the answers

The anatomic position involves the body standing:

Facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the narrowest part of a structure?

Apex Signup and view all the answers

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain:

A constant state or equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

Negative feedback in the body functions to:

Stop or reverse a process Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Carry the code to make proteins Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA is replicated Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the metaphase plate?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is responsible for transferring amino acids during protein synthesis?

tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in cellular reactions?

Act as a catalyst for reactions Signup and view all the answers

At the end of telophase, the cell can transition into which phase?

G0 or G1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chromosome count in haploid cells, such as sperm or egg cells?

23 Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

Chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the function of a protein?

Its shape Signup and view all the answers

In DNA, which base does adenine (A) pair with?

Thymine (T) Signup and view all the answers

How does RNA differ from DNA regarding the pairing of adenine (A)?

It pairs with Uracil (U) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ATP in cellular processes?

Main energy currency Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is the weakest and commonly involves partial charges?

Hydrogen bond Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the basal structure of an object?

The widest part of a structure Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a cell's cytoplasm?

It is a gel-like substance where organelles reside Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily found within the nucleus of a cell?

DNA Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback stimulates a reaction and amplifies the initial stimulus?

Positive feedback Signup and view all the answers

Which subatomic particle has a positive charge?

Proton Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond involves the transfer of electrons?

Ionic Signup and view all the answers

What is intrinsic regulation?

Regulation where cells regulate each other within the same tissue Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pH when acids are added to a solution?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of an inorganic molecule?

H2O (Water) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid contains a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid tails?

Triglyceride Signup and view all the answers

Acids release which ion in a solution?

H+ (Hydrogen) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of exons in the cell?

Exit the nucleus and express the code Signup and view all the answers

What process converts DNA to mRNA?

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

The process of translation is responsible for:

Converting mRNA information into protein sequences Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is associated with ribosomes and receives mRNA?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Make proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is required for active transport to occur?

ATP (energy) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the diffusion of water across a membrane?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

A hypotonic solution causes red blood cells to:

Burst Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body, while physiology focuses on the function of those structures.
Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body, essential for understanding body symmetry.
The cranial cavity houses the brain, a critical component of the central nervous system.
The anatomic position is defined as standing forward with arms at sides and palms facing forward, providing a standard reference point.
The apex refers to the narrowest part of a structure, important for understanding anatomical shapes.

Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Control

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment, crucial for survival.
Negative feedback mechanisms stop or reverse processes to restore equilibrium, such as temperature regulation.
Positive feedback amplifies changes, pushing the system further away from its starting state; an example is childbirth.
Intrinsic regulation allows cells within the same tissue to regulate each other, demonstrating cellular communication.

Chapter 3: Chemistry and Biological Molecules

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles, while neutrons have no charge, and electrons are negatively charged.
Isotopes are variants of elements that differ in the number of neutrons, impacting atomic mass but not chemical properties.
Ionic bonds involve electron transfer between atoms, while covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons.
Water (H2O) is an example of an inorganic molecule, vital for life due to unique properties such as high specific heat and solvent capabilities.
Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) into solutions, decreasing pH, while bases, like ammonia, raise pH.

Chapter 5: Cell Structure and Organelles

The primary component of cell membranes is phospholipids, forming a bilayer that regulates substance entry and exit.
Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance where organelles are suspended, facilitating intracellular processes.
The nucleus contains DNA, which codes for proteins and regulates cell activities.
Exons are sequences that exit the nucleus to express genetic information, critical for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, assembling amino acids into polypeptides.

Chapter 6: Cell Transport and Enzymes

Concentration gradients dictate the movement of particles from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
Osmosis is the specific term for water diffusion across membranes, crucial for maintaining cell volume.
Isotonic solutions maintain red blood cell shape, whereas hypotonic solutions cause swelling and potential bursting, while hypertonic solutions lead to cell shrinkage.
Active transport requires ATP energy to move materials against a concentration gradient, contrasting with passive transport, which requires no energy.

Chapter 7: Protein Synthesis and Cell Cycle

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced in the nucleolus, essential for composing ribosomes.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers specific amino acids to ribosomes during translation, building proteins.
Amino acids serve as the fundamental building blocks of proteins, essential for cellular structure and function.
Mitosis is the phase of the cell cycle where cell division occurs, producing two identical daughter cells, vital for growth and repair.

General Concepts

Mitosis involves several phases: prophase, metaphase (where chromosomes align), anaphase (chromosomes pulled apart), and telophase (completion of division).
The S phase of the cell cycle is where DNA synthesis occurs, ensuring proper genetic material is allocated to daughter cells.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of anatomy and physiology in this quiz covering Chapters 1 and 2. Understand key terms such as contralateral, homeostasis, and feedback mechanisms. Test your knowledge on body structures and functions essential for maintaining health.