Anatomy and Physiology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the structure of the body called?

  • Physiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Anatomy (correct)
  • Homeostasis

What term describes the function of the organs?

  • Homeostasis
  • Physiology (correct)
  • Pathology
  • Anatomy

What is homeostasis?

Stability of an internal environment despite all other variables

What is a negative feedback mechanism?

<p>Homeostatic control system that shuts down the original stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a positive feedback mechanism?

<p>Homeostatic control mechanism that causes the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostatic imbalance?

<p>A state of disequilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term superior mean?

<p>Above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term inferior mean?

<p>Below</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term ventral (anterior) mean?

<p>Front, forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term dorsal (posterior) mean?

<p>Back, backward</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term medial mean?

<p>Middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term lateral mean?

<p>To the side</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term proximal mean?

<p>Closer to starting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term distal mean?

<p>Farther from starting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term superficial (external) mean?

<p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term deep (internal) mean?

<p>Inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term cephalic mean?

<p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term thoracic mean?

<p>Chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term abdominal mean?

<p>Abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term axillary mean?

<p>Armpit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term brachial mean?

<p>Thigh, upper leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term buccal mean?

<p>Cheek</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term carpal mean?

<p>Wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term cervical mean?

<p>Neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term digital mean?

<p>Fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term femoral mean?

<p>Arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term inguinal mean?

<p>Groin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term lumbar mean?

<p>Lower back, surrounding spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term orbital mean?

<p>Eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term patellar mean?

<p>Knee cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term pelvic mean?

<p>Just above inguinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term tarsal mean?

<p>Ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term sagittal mean?

<p>Middle of middle front cut, three-fourth frontal cut</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term median mean?

<p>Middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term midsagittal mean?

<p>Middle frontal cut, divides the body into left and right</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term frontal mean?

<p>Cut through side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term transverse mean?

<p>Across waist, dividing the body into superior and inferior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term cranial cavity mean?

<p>Skull, houses brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term thoracic cavity mean?

<p>Chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term abdomino-pelvic mean?

<p>Abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term vertebral (spinal) mean?

<p>Spine, houses vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term dorsal mean?

<p>Houses central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term ventral mean?

<p>Anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of structural organization?

<p>Chemical, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical level of organization?

<p>Atoms combine to form molecules, molecules form organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cellular level of organization?

<p>Cells are the basic unit of life; they may vary in size and shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tissue?

<p>A group of cells with a common function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the organ level?

<p>Structures composed of two different tissues working together</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are organ systems?

<p>Group of organs working together to complete functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term organism mean?

<p>All organs working together to live</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an X-ray (radiograph)?

<p>Image of internal structures like bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT)?

<p>Refined version of an X-ray that rotates around the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is position emission tomography (PET)?

<p>Observes metabolic functions, mostly used for brain activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sonography (ultrasound)?

<p>Hears echoes from sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

<p>Images of soft tissues using magnets</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of life?

<p>Maintain physical boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a homeostatic control mechanism?

<p>Stimulus, receptor, input, output, and response</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Overview

  • Anatomy refers to the body’s structure, while physiology examines organ functions.
  • Homeostasis maintains internal environmental stability amidst varying external conditions.

Feedback Mechanisms

  • Negative Feedback Mechanism: A control system that counteracts an initial stimulus, promoting balance.
  • Positive Feedback Mechanism: Amplifies changes in the same direction as the initial stimulus, such as during childbirth.

Homeostatic Imbalance

  • Occurs when the body is in a state of disequilibrium, which can lead to health issues.

Anatomical Directional Terms

  • Superior: Indicates an upward position.
  • Inferior: Refers to a downward position.
  • Ventral (anterior): Relates to the front or forward side.
  • Dorsal (posterior): Refers to the back or rear side.
  • Medial: Denotes the middle section.
  • Lateral: Indicates a position to the side.
  • Proximal: Closer to the point of origin.
  • Distal: Farther from the point of origin.

Body Regions

  • Cephalic: Relates to the head.
  • Thoracic: Pertains to the chest area.
  • Abdominal: Refers to the abdomen.
  • Axillary: Concerning the armpit.
  • Brachial: Relates to the upper arm.
  • Buccal: Concerning the cheeks.
  • Cervical: Related to the neck.
  • Inguinal: Pertains to the groin.
  • Lumbar: Refers to the lower back area.
  • Orbital: Pertains to the eyes.
  • Pelvic: Relates to the area above the inguinal region.
  • Patellar: Refers to the kneecap.
  • Tarsal: Concerns the ankle.

Planes of the Body

  • Sagittal Plane: Cuts the body into left and right sections.
  • Frontal Plane: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.
  • Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

Body Cavities

  • Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain.
  • Thoracic Cavity: Encloses the chest area.
  • Abdomino-pelvic Cavity: General area for both abdominal and pelvic organs.
  • Vertebral (spinal) Cavity: Houses the spinal column.
  • Dorsal Cavity: Contains the central nervous system.
  • Ventral Cavity: Anterior body section.

Levels of Structural Organization

  • Starts from Chemical Level with atoms forming molecules, progressing through cells, tissues, and organs, ultimately leading to an Organism where all systems work together.

Imaging Techniques

  • X-ray: Visualizes internal structures, especially bones.
  • CT Scan: Advanced X-ray technique for detailed images of specific body areas.
  • PET Scan: Monitors metabolic functions, particularly in the brain.
  • Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create images of soft tissues.
  • MRI: Produces detailed images of soft tissues using magnetic fields.

Characteristics of Life

  • Essential functions include maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth and development.

Homeostatic Control Mechanism

  • Consists of sequential steps: stimulus → receptor → input → output → response, to maintain body equilibrium.

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