Anatomy and Physiology 2 - Chapter 18 Quiz

Iron, folate, and vitamin B12 are essential dietary requirements for normal erythropoiesis.

EPO stimulates the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.

One potential danger of blood doping is an increased risk of hypertension and heart complications.

<p>Environmental factors such as high altitudes, which reduce oxygen availability, stimulate increased EPO release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin is crucial for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returning carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bilirubin pathway includes the breakdown of hemoglobin, formation of bilirubin, its conjugation in the liver, and excretion into bile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sickle-cell disease is a genetic disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin which causes red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ABO blood type system determines compatibility; incorrect matching can trigger immune reactions and hemolysis during blood transfusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary functions of blood are transportation, regulation, and protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematocrit measures the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells, indicating the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma proteins, such as albumin, help maintain osmotic pressure in the blood, preventing fluid from leaking out of the vessels and contributing to overall fluid balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pH of blood affects the solubility and transport of gases and biochemical reactions, with the normal range being between 7.35 and 7.45 for optimal function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main types of leukocytes include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each playing roles in immune response and infection control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell formation from stem cells in the bone marrow, stimulated by erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors influencing hematopoiesis include cytokines, hormones like erythropoietin and thrombopoietin, as well as nutritional elements such as iron and vitamin B12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preparing a blood smear involves placing a drop of blood on a slide and using another slide to spread it evenly, then allowing it to dry before staining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies bind to specific antigens on erythrocytes, causing clumping or agglutination of those cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leukocytes, or white blood cells, identify and attack invading pathogens while also helping to repair damaged tissue during inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma serves as a carrier for hormones, nutrients, and waste products, and helps maintain blood pressure and volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differential counts help assess the relative proportions of different types of leukocytes, aiding in diagnosing infections, inflammatory conditions, and blood disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets aggregate at injury sites to form a temporary plug and release chemicals that further promote clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intrinsic pathway involves factors found in the blood, while the extrinsic pathway activates through tissue factor released from damaged tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrinolysis is the process of breaking down fibrin in clots, which is essential for restoring normal blood flow after healing is complete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypercoagulation is a condition where there is an increased tendency for blood to clot, leading to a higher risk of thrombosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary functions of blood include transporting oxygen and nutrients, regulating body temperature, and facilitating immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets participate in hemostasis by forming a plug at the site of blood vessel injury and releasing chemicals to promote clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell formation, primarily occurring in the red bone marrow, stimulated by erythropoietin hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rh incompatibility can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn, where the mother's antibodies attack the baby's red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma proteins perform various roles including maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting substances, and facilitating immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A blood smear is significant as it allows for the examination of blood cell types, enabling diagnosis of various blood disorders or abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood doping involves increasing red blood cell count to enhance athletic performance, and is considered unethical as it offers an unfair advantage and poses health risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common conditions include anemia due to decreased red cell production and myelofibrosis, a disorder affecting the bone marrow's ability to produce blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infertility, osteoporosis, and vaginal prolactinomas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolactinomas can cause endometrial atrophy, and increase the risk of a tumor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autism Spectrum Disorder, schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone stimulates sperm production and regulates the male reproductive cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone causes hypertrophy of skeletal muscle fibers and increases protein anabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone inhibits the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Androgen insensitivity syndrome, infertility, depression, fatigue, muscle weakness, and urinary retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal levels of oxytocin can lead to thrombosis, depression, and anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relaxation is triggered by the presence of fats and proteins in the duodenum, allowing increased secretions into the small intestine for better digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to overproduction of gastrin, resulting in increased gastric acid production and potentially causing peptic ulcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen assists in ovarian follicle development and helps regulate the menstrual cycle while preparing the uterus for pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone maintains the endometrial lining and stimulates uterine contractions during delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolactin stimulates the development of mammary glands and prepares them for milk production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin increases feelings of emotional bonding between individuals, especially during childbirth and breastfeeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They play essential roles in regulating the female reproductive cycle, preparing the uterus and mammary glands for pregnancy and lactation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine, affecting the digestion process by controlling nutrient release.</p> Signup and view all the answers