Questions and Answers
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane is composed of 75% phospholipids.
True
What are the two main types of membrane proteins?
Integral and peripheral
The six types of integral proteins include ion channels, carriers, receptors, enzymes, linkers, and _____ .
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What is the role of ion channels?
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What do carrier proteins do?
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What is a receptor in the context of membrane proteins?
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What is the function of enzymes present in the membrane?
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What is the purpose of linkers in the membrane?
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What do cell identity markers enable the cell to do?
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What is the study of structure called?
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Which term describes the study of how body structures function?
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What are the levels of structural organization in the body?
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What is the smallest unit of matter called?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue?
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What is the main function of the integumentary system?
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What is homeostasis?
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Positive feedback loops work to reinforce a change.
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The standard anatomical position involves a person standing erect, facing observer, arms at sides with palms ______.
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What is the role of enzymes?
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What structure forms the genetic code in the nuclei?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology Overview
- Anatomy is the study of body structures, while physiology focuses on how these structures function.
- Levels of organization in the human body include: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal.
Structural Organization Levels
- Chemical Level: Atoms are the basic units, composing molecules like DNA, primarily consisting of CHONP (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus).
- Cellular Level: Cells, consisting of similar molecules, are the smallest units of life, containing a cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
- Tissue Level: Groups of cells and surrounding materials working together; includes four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
- Organ Level: Composed of two or more tissue types, providing a specific function with a recognizable shape.
- Organ System Level: Composed of related organs that have a common function, with 11 distinct organ systems in the body.
- Organismal Level: Integration of all organ systems to form a complete living organism.
Human Body Systems
- Major systems include: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
- Each system has unique structures and roles, like protection (integumentary), support (skeletal), and communication (nervous).
Basic Life Processes
- Essential processes include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction, distinguishing living entities from nonliving matter.
- Metabolism involves catabolism (breaking down) and anabolism (building up) of substances.
- Responsiveness refers to an organism's ability to detect and react to changes in the environment.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, regulated through various feedback mechanisms.
- Negative Feedback loops maintain stability by counteracting changes (e.g., blood pressure regulation).
- Positive Feedback amplifies changes (e.g., childbirth).
Special Terms in Anatomy
- Directional Terms: Used for precise anatomical location, e.g., superior (toward the head), inferior (toward the feet), anterior (front), posterior (back).
- Body Planes: Imaginary lines for anatomical division include sagittal (left/right), frontal (front/back), and transverse (top/bottom).
- Body Cavities: Provide space for organ protection, separation, and support, including cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities.
Biochemical Concepts
- Inorganic Compounds: Lack carbon, include simple molecules like water—vital for life.
- Organic Compounds: Contain carbon and are more complex; essential for building macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
- Water serves multiple roles: solvent, medium for chemical reactions, thermal regulation, and lubrication.
Macromolecules and Their Functions
- Carbohydrates: Primary energy source, classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- Lipids/Fats: Important for energy storage and cellular structure; includes triglycerides and phospholipids.
- Proteins: Provide structure and functional roles (enzymes, transport), composed of amino acids.
- Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA): DNA stores genetic information; RNA aids in protein synthesis.
Cellular Structure
- Cells consist of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol and organelles), and nucleus.
- Plasma Membrane: A selectively permeable barrier made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, regulates substance entry and exit.
- Membrane Proteins: Integral proteins (e.g., ion channels, carriers) assist in transportation and cell communication.
Enzymes and Biochemical Reactions
- Enzymes lower the activation energy for chemical reactions, are highly specific, and highly efficient, operating under varying environmental conditions.
Genetic Processes
- Transcription: Process of copying DNA information into RNA.
- Translation: The assembly of amino acids into proteins based on RNA instruction.
Understanding Cellular Signs
- Signs and Symptoms: Signs are measurable (e.g., fever), while symptoms are subjective feelings reported by a patient (e.g., pain).
This condensed information encapsulates key concepts and terms integral to the understanding of human anatomy and physiology, providing foundational knowledge for exam preparation.
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Description
Prepare for your Anatomy 101 Exam with these flashcards that cover key concepts such as anatomy, physiology, and levels of structural organization. Each card provides definitions and important information essential for understanding the human body. Perfect for quick review and test preparation.
