Anatomy 101 Exam 1 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

It has no significance to cellular functions.

It is a flexible and sturdy barrier that contains the cytoplasm. (correct)

It allows all substances to enter and exit the cell.

It provides structural support to the cell.

The plasma membrane is composed of 75% phospholipids.

True

What are the two main types of membrane proteins?

Integral and peripheral

The six types of integral proteins include ion channels, carriers, receptors, enzymes, linkers, and _____ .

cell identity markers Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ion channels?

Allow specific ions to flow through Signup and view all the answers

What do carrier proteins do?

Carry polar ions from one side to the other Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor in the context of membrane proteins?

Cellular recognition sites for binding molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of enzymes present in the membrane?

Catalyze specific chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of linkers in the membrane?

Anchor proteins together in neighboring cells Signup and view all the answers

What do cell identity markers enable the cell to do?

Recognize other cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of structure called?

Anatomy Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the study of how body structures function?

Physiology Signup and view all the answers

What are the levels of structural organization in the body?

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of matter called?

Atom Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue?

Skeletal tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the integumentary system?

Protects the body, regulates temperature, eliminates waste, makes vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

Condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment Signup and view all the answers

Positive feedback loops work to reinforce a change.

True Signup and view all the answers

The standard anatomical position involves a person standing erect, facing observer, arms at sides with palms ______.

facing forward Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes?

Biological catalysts that lower activation energy for reactions Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms the genetic code in the nuclei?

DNA Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Overview

Anatomy is the study of body structures, while physiology focuses on how these structures function.
Levels of organization in the human body include: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal.

Structural Organization Levels

Chemical Level: Atoms are the basic units, composing molecules like DNA, primarily consisting of CHONP (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus).
Cellular Level: Cells, consisting of similar molecules, are the smallest units of life, containing a cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
Tissue Level: Groups of cells and surrounding materials working together; includes four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
Organ Level: Composed of two or more tissue types, providing a specific function with a recognizable shape.
Organ System Level: Composed of related organs that have a common function, with 11 distinct organ systems in the body.
Organismal Level: Integration of all organ systems to form a complete living organism.

Human Body Systems

Major systems include: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
Each system has unique structures and roles, like protection (integumentary), support (skeletal), and communication (nervous).

Basic Life Processes

Essential processes include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction, distinguishing living entities from nonliving matter.
Metabolism involves catabolism (breaking down) and anabolism (building up) of substances.
Responsiveness refers to an organism's ability to detect and react to changes in the environment.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, regulated through various feedback mechanisms.
Negative Feedback loops maintain stability by counteracting changes (e.g., blood pressure regulation).
Positive Feedback amplifies changes (e.g., childbirth).

Special Terms in Anatomy

Directional Terms: Used for precise anatomical location, e.g., superior (toward the head), inferior (toward the feet), anterior (front), posterior (back).
Body Planes: Imaginary lines for anatomical division include sagittal (left/right), frontal (front/back), and transverse (top/bottom).
Body Cavities: Provide space for organ protection, separation, and support, including cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities.

Biochemical Concepts

Inorganic Compounds: Lack carbon, include simple molecules like water—vital for life.
Organic Compounds: Contain carbon and are more complex; essential for building macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Water serves multiple roles: solvent, medium for chemical reactions, thermal regulation, and lubrication.

Macromolecules and Their Functions

Carbohydrates: Primary energy source, classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Lipids/Fats: Important for energy storage and cellular structure; includes triglycerides and phospholipids.
Proteins: Provide structure and functional roles (enzymes, transport), composed of amino acids.
Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA): DNA stores genetic information; RNA aids in protein synthesis.

Cellular Structure

Cells consist of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol and organelles), and nucleus.
Plasma Membrane: A selectively permeable barrier made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, regulates substance entry and exit.
Membrane Proteins: Integral proteins (e.g., ion channels, carriers) assist in transportation and cell communication.

Enzymes and Biochemical Reactions

Enzymes lower the activation energy for chemical reactions, are highly specific, and highly efficient, operating under varying environmental conditions.

Genetic Processes

Transcription: Process of copying DNA information into RNA.
Translation: The assembly of amino acids into proteins based on RNA instruction.

Understanding Cellular Signs

Signs and Symptoms: Signs are measurable (e.g., fever), while symptoms are subjective feelings reported by a patient (e.g., pain).

This condensed information encapsulates key concepts and terms integral to the understanding of human anatomy and physiology, providing foundational knowledge for exam preparation.

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Description

Prepare for your Anatomy 101 Exam with these flashcards that cover key concepts such as anatomy, physiology, and levels of structural organization. Each card provides definitions and important information essential for understanding the human body. Perfect for quick review and test preparation.