Anatomia del Articulació del Genou

Anatomy of the Knee Joint

• The knee joint is the largest synovial joint in the body, classified as a diarthrosis.
• It comprises the distal end of the femur and the proximal part of the tibia.
• The femoro-patellar component is also part of the joint.
• The knee joint functions as a hinge joint.

Knee Joint Structure

• The knee joint involves intricate structures like synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and menisci.
• It contains different types of fat and bursae which are fluid-filled sacs.
• The quadriceps muscle and patellar tendon play important roles in knee function.
• Ligaments and tendons contribute to the stability and movement of the joint.

Knee Joint Stability

• Bony structures contribute to stability.
• Ligaments and muscles also play vital roles in ensuring knee stability.
• The interaction of various components maintains the joint's integrity throughout different movements.
• Muscles such as the vastus medialis and iliotibial tract are crucial for knee stability, particularly during flexion.

The Bony Surfaces

• The articular surfaces of the femur and tibia demonstrate a mismatch in shape.
• This mismatch is compensated for via the tibial plateau.
• The patella, acting as a sesamoid bone, glides over the distal end of the femur, contributing to its function.
• The patella's complex shape includes superior, middle, inferior, and medial facets.

The Menisci

• The menisci are fibrocartilage structures that reside within the knee joint.
• Located within the intercondylar area of the tibia, these act as shock absorbers.
• The menisci improve the conformity between the tibial and femoral condyles, preventing side-to-side rocking of the femur and tibia.

Stabilisation of the Knee Joint

• Bone structures, muscles, and ligaments collectively contribute to knee joint stabilization.
• The surrounding muscles' strength and function are essential in mitigating forces on the knee during movement.
• Ligaments connecting the femur and tibia increase the joint stability.

Extracapsular Ligaments

• Medial (tibial collateral) and lateral (fibular collateral) ligaments provide crucial medial and lateral stability.
• The medial collateral ligament connects to the medial epicondyle of the femur and to the medial condyle and medial surface of the tibia.
• The lateral collateral ligament connects to the lateral femoral epicondyle and the lateral surface of the fibular head.

Intracapsular Ligaments

• The cruciate ligaments (anterior and posterior) are positioned inside the joint capsule.
• Named according to their attachment to the tibia, they play significant roles in preventing femur movement.
• The anterior cruciate ligament inhibits backward femur movement on the tibia.
• The posterior cruciate ligament prevents forward movement of the femur on the tibia.

Muscular Factors

• Specific muscles, including the vastus group and the iliotibial tract, are vital for knee stability and movement.
• The vastus muscles are significant stabilizers for patella and the knee joint.
• The iliotibial tract stabilizes the knee's flexion position.

Locking of the Knee

• Femoral condyles roll across tibial condyles during standing, a crucial process for knee locking.
• The medial condyle's larger size, compared to the lateral, contributes to the process.
• Ligament tension, especially of the cruciate ligaments, plays a major role in locking.

Movement

• Hamstrings are primarily responsible for flexion while quadriceps control extension.
• Rotation is possible, but limited, when the knee is partly flexed.

Applied Anatomy of the Knee - Ligament Damage

• Posterior cruciate ligament tears can result from forceful impact on the tibial tuberosity with the knee in a flexed position.
• Anterior cruciate ligament ruptures occur frequently due to impacts, especially during skiing accidents or in vehicle accidents.
• Diagnostic tests, such as posterior and anterior drawer tests, are used to check for ligament injuries.
• Medial and lateral collateral ligaments stretch taut in fully extended positions.

Hemarthrosis

• Hemarthrosis is defined by the presence of blood within the knee joint.
• It typically arises from a meniscal injury or intra-articular fracture.
• Meniscal injuries, along with damage to ligaments, can lead to intra-articular fractures.

Surgical Approaches

• Options for knee access include total anterior approach, aspiration techniques (lateral side of the upper patella) and injections (at the patellar ligament border), and arthroscopic interventions (lateral side of the patella), depending on the necessary procedures.

Bursae and Bursitis

• The various bursae in the knee — suprapatellar, prepatellar, subcutaneous infrapatellar, and deep infrapatellar — cushion the joint.
• Inflammation of these, potentially caused by friction or excessive strain, results in bursitis.

The Unhappy Triad

• The term "unhappy triad" refers to the simultaneous injury of the anterior cruciate ligament, tibial collateral ligament, and medial meniscus.

Este quiz explora l'anatomia e le struttura del articulazione del genou. Comprende le partes principali, functiones e stabilitate del joint. Prepare se a testar vostre cognitions in un argumento crucial del corpo humano.