Anaphylaxis and Allergies in Healthcare Workers
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Questions and Answers

Which type of tissue reactions involve specifically sensitized T lymphocytes and do not involve antibodies?

  • Type III
  • Type IV (correct)
  • Type I
  • Type II

    • Which diagnostic test for TB is an example of a Type IV reaction?

  • Serum sickness
  • Graft rejection
  • Arthus reaction
  • Tuberculin skin test (correct)

    • In autoimmune diseases like Rheumatoid Arthritis, autoantibodies form immune complexes that bind to which part of the joints?

  • Synovial membrane (correct)
  • Muscles
  • Cartilage
  • Bone marrow

    • Which type of graft involves transplantation between animals of the same species?

    <p>Isograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What autoimmune disease is characterized by the attachment of autoantibodies to receptors on thyroxin-secreting follicle cells of the thyroid?

    <p>Graves disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Autoantibodies binding to acetylcholine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease is associated with lesions in the myelin sheath?

    <p>Multiple Sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first effect of Myasthenia gravis on the body?

    <p>Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is used for Type I diabetes?

    <p>Insulin injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible link to the onset of Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>Herpes virus VI and herpes IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Type I allergies, what is the role of IgE?

    <p>Binds to Fc receptors on mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of Type I allergies?

    <p>Histamine effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity can destroy or alter cells through complement-mediated lysis?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of allergy is characterized by immune-complex-mediated reactions?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the harmful effects in Type III allergies?

    <p>Complement activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Development of granulomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is specific for liver damage?

    <p>Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells are more prominent in chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which circulating plasma protein increases in response to protein synthesis in hepatocytes?

    <p>Alpha-antitrypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a specific indicator of a myocardial infarction (MI)?

    <p>Elevation in CK-MB isoenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the two-step process that causes someone to become allergic to a substance?

    <p>Production of IgE antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor delays the healing process according to the text?

    <p>Advanced age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a local application of ice-cold do to the injured area?

    <p>Causes vasoconstriction and reduces pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In allergic diseases, which site is mentioned as the most common for allergic inflammatory disorders?

    <p>Eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of allergic reaction is most common with insulin allergy?

    <p>Local reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant cause of anaphylaxis due to increased glove use in healthcare settings?

    <p>Latex allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by abnormal mast cell proliferation?

    <p>Mastocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with latex allergies are often also allergic to which foods?

    <p>Avocados and bananas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reactions can be seen in patients with insulin allergy?

    <p>Bronchospasm and urticaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of prolonged inflammation leading to necrosis and lack of tissue regeneration?

    <p>Erosion of tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication reduces prostaglandin synthesis at the site of inflammation, thereby reducing the inflammatory response?

    <p>Ibuprofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of long-term use of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is known for its COX-2 inhibiting properties, reducing unwanted effects on the stomach?

    <p>Celecoxib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential impact can corticosteroids have on lymphoid tissue and hemopoiesis with long-term use?

    <p>Atrophy of lymphoid tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a potential adverse effect of long-term glucocorticoid use?

    <p>Enhanced growth in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of NSAIDs in treating inflammation?

    <p>Reduce prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Celecoxib (Celebrex) from traditional NSAIDs in terms of impact on the stomach?

    <p>It acts as a COX-2 inhibitor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk associated with suddenly stopping glucocorticoids after long-term use?

    <p>Adrenal crisis (shock).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do NSAIDs play in reducing inflammation?

    <p>Reduce prostaglandin synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA is more prone to mutations without a repair mechanism?

    <p>Mitochondrial DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many polypeptides involved in oxidative phosphorylation are encoded by mitochondrial DNA?

    <p>13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by symptoms like proximal muscle weakness, sensory neuropathy, and ataxia?

    <p>Leigh Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy?

    <p>Bilateral visual loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome presents with heart block and progressive weakness of the extraocular muscles?

    <p>Kearns-Sayre Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range for death in individuals with Sickle Cell Disease?

    <p>30 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is changed in Sickle Cell Disease, leading to the characteristic sickle-shaped red blood cells?

    <p>Valine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major problem caused by Sickle Cell Disease in the body?

    <p>Low erythrocyte count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which population is the carrier rate for Sickle Cell Disease particularly high?

    <p>African ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves neurons becoming swollen and balloon-like, leading to symptoms like excessive startle reflex and muscular rigidity?

    <p>Tay-Sachs Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physical characteristic of individuals with Klinefelter Syndrome?

    <p>Female-like breasts (gynecomastia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder is characterized by a deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5?

    <p>Cri du chat syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most well-known autosomal dominant disease mentioned in the text?

    <p>Huntington Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder can lead to inmates being wrongly perceived as more aggressive?

    <p>Jacobs Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes Huntington Disease from other disorders mentioned?

    <p>Excessive repetition of CAG nucleotide sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

    <p>Deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the neuropathologic process of PKU?

    <p>Prevention of amino acid entry into the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common abnormalities that occur in the brain of individuals with PKU?

    <p>Defective myelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the lack of tyrosine manifest physically in children with PKU?

    <p>Blonde hair and blue eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment approach for individuals with PKU?

    <p>Restricting phenylalanine in diet with supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Hemophilia A, what is the specific deficit causing the disease?

    <p>Clotting factor VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classic presentation of Hemophilia A in terms of bleeding symptoms?

    <p>Prolonged hemorrhage after minor tissue injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the inheritance pattern of Fragile X syndrome, why do males who inherit the disease gene not necessarily express it?

    <p>Due to X-linked dominant inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of mental retardation after Down Syndrome?

    <p>Fragile X syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding Fragile X syndrome, what is an uncommon feature about female carriers?

    <p>About 1/3 of them are affected, but not as severely as males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder is characterized by long, thin body, spider fingers, and pigeon chest deformation?

    <p>Marfan Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital disorder is associated with a life span of 30-40 years due to heart issues like the rupture of the aorta?

    <p>Marfan Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder primarily affects bone growth and leads to shorter stature?

    <p>Achondroplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder affects the fibroblast growth factor receptor and slows down bone growth in the cartilage of the growth plate?

    <p>Achondroplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic disorder is associated with a gene on chromosome 4 and affects nerve cells in the brain?

    <p>Huntington Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutation leads to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?

    <p>Dystrophin gene mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic age range at which Duchenne muscular dystrophy is usually recognized?

    <p>3-6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the body shows weakness and wasting first in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

    <p>Pelvic area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line of treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) according to the text?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genetic disorders is also known as Christmas disease?

    <p>Hemophilia B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual amount of time for blood to clot without heparin according to the results?

    <p>&lt; 120 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hemophilia C (Rosenthal’s hemophilia), what factor is deficient?

    <p>Factor XI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reference range of the aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)?

    <p>60-70 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Coagulation time' refers to how long it takes for a blood clot to form. What is the range of time provided when blood clots without heparin?

    <p>&lt; 70 to 120 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the phenomena where cells can recover after injury?

    <p>Reversible injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as an injurious stimuli causing cellular injury?

    <p>Radiation exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is released when a mole of glucose metabolically breaks down into carbon dioxide and water?

    <p>Chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can profoundly influence the extent of cellular injury according to the text?

    <p>Nutritional status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must cells be able to do in order to function properly?

    <p>Extract and use chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do early successful adaptive responses in cells often result in?

    <p>Enhanced function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Chest pain and shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the main cause of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Inflammatory condition due to emotional distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range where women outnumber men in terms of life expectancy?

    <p>Over 65 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a degenerative change associated with cellular aging?

    <p>Increased synthesis of transcription factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional decline is NOT associated with aging?

    <p>Brain size increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are adverse life events most likely to impact vascular elasticity?

    <p>Decreasing it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a demand that exceeds a person's coping abilities, resulting in disturbances of cognition, emotion, and behavior?

    <p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) marked by the onset of diseases of adaptation?

    <p>Stage of Exhaustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland activates during stress due to ACTH and increases the secretion of glucocorticoid hormones like cortisol?

    <p>Adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During stress, what is suppressed in terms of hormones by cortisol?

    <p>Thyroid hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of cortisol during stress in terms of cellular metabolism?

    <p>Stimulation of gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for cortisol, which is available over-the-counter as an ointment or cream and in prescription form as an injectable to treat various conditions?

    <p>Hydrocortisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cortisol affect protein metabolism?

    <p>It has a catabolic effect on muscle and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cortisol's immunosuppressant effect involve?

    <p>Suppressing protein synthesis and immunoglobulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can extreme physiologic stressors like psychosocial distress impact health?

    <p>They overtax the individual's ability to cope and can lead to illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the general state a person feels after adverse life events?

    <p>Unpleasant arousal causing various changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of adverse life events according to the text?

    <p>Place the affected individual at risk for immunologic defects including ill health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cortisol impact the inflammatory response?

    <p>Suppresses the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another (less mature) cell type?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is caused by an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the single most common cause of cellular injury due to lack of sufficient oxygen?

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biochemical themes is important in understanding cell injury and cell death?

    <p>Intracellular calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within 1 minute after blood supply is interrupted, what happens to heart muscle?

    <p>It becomes pale and has difficulty contracting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adaptive change in cells that involves a decrease in size?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium within the myocardium during ischemia?

    <p>Failure of sodium/calcium pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component detaches from the endoplasmic reticulum due to cellular swelling during myocardial ischemia?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the stage of myocardial damage where it becomes irreversible?

    <p>Damage to the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause reperfusion injury in the myocardium when oxygen is restored?

    <p>Accumulation of extracellular calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance can help reduce damage from reperfusion injury in the myocardium?

    <p>Superoxide dismutase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific cellular change occurs due to the failure of plasma sodium/potassium pumps during myocardial ischemia?

    <p>Increase in intercellular water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle's swelling can occur during prolonged myocardial ischemia?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause irreversible damage during myocardial ischemia?

    <p>Cell membrane damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause continued damage after prolonged myocardial ischemia if oxygen is not restored?

    <p>Swelling of lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the plasma membrane is damaged during myocardial ischemia?

    <p>Increased sodium influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a temporary improvement in the signs and symptoms of a disease?

    <p>Remission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disease progression is characterized by periods of improvement and worsening?

    <p>Relapsing-remitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jaundice occurs when there is a disease affecting which organ in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is specifically mentioned as a tool for preventing the spread of infections?

    <p>Vaccinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of health care according to the text?

    <p>Wellness checks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of disease prevention are low-dose aspirin and check-ups for high-risk individuals typically utilized?

    <p>Secondary prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for a healthy heart rate according to the text?

    <p>60-100 BPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'White coat syndrome' results in higher blood pressure readings when?

    <p>At the doctor or dentist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to cellular injury extent as per the text?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CDC & P primarily focus on according to the text?

    <p>Data collection and infection prevention recommendations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the period when manifestations of a disease subside?

    <p>Remission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the worsening of symptoms in a disease?

    <p>Exacerbation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor triggers an acute episode of a disease?

    <p>Precipitating factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes new secondary or additional problems that arise from the primary condition?

    <p>Complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the probability or likelihood of recovery from a disease?

    <p>Prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used for the rate of cell death without oxygen?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell injury involves abnormal changes in size and shape, potentially leading to cancer?

    <p>Dysplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the prevention of a disease by linking it to its cause and predisposing factors?

    <p>Prophylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a period during which a disease is communicable but no signs are evident?

    <p>Latent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a diagnostic test that assists in identifying a disease by using signs, symptoms, and lab results?

    <p>Blood tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the development or sequence of events involved in tissue changes related to a specific disease process?

    <p>Pathogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a term for early signs and symptoms that are often nonspecific and may indicate the onset of a disease?

    <p>Prodromal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes the sudden and usually short-lived onset of a disease?

    <p>Acute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the prevention of a disease by using methods linked to its causative factors?

    <p>Prophylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In disease progression, what term describes a period without evident signs or symptoms where pathological changes might be occurring?

    <p>Subclinical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical process for testing a new treatment before it is approved?

    <ol> <li>Basic science, 2. Human trials, 3. Regulatory body approval</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after successful completion of all three stages of testing for a new treatment?

    <p>It is referred to as 'evidence-based research findings'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which entity reviews the data from successful research findings to determine safety and efficacy?

    <p>Regulatory bodies like the FDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does 'evidence-based research findings' not take into consideration?

    <p>Cost, availability, social, or cultural factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of human trials in the testing process for new treatments?

    <p>To determine if the treatment is safe for humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of studies are typically used during the third stage of testing for new treatments?

    <p>Double blind studies using ID numbers instead of patient names</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to new scientific developments that may raise ethical, legal, and social issues?

    <p>'Ethical dilemmas'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration during human trials of new treatments?

    <p>'To see if it’s safe for humans'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Evidence-based research findings' are based on which type of data?

    <p>'Data that demonstrates merit after the 3-stage process'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the first stage of testing for new treatments?

    <p>Identify technology that will limit or prevent the disease process</p> Signup and view all the answers

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