Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary effect of low-dose adrenaline in treating anaphylaxis?
What is the primary effect of low-dose adrenaline in treating anaphylaxis?
- Degranulation of mast cells
- Increase in platelet activity
- Bronchodilation (correct)
- Vasoconstriction
What role does immunoglobulin E (IgE) play in an allergic response?
What role does immunoglobulin E (IgE) play in an allergic response?
- Activates platelet-activating factor
- Causes vasoconstriction
- Triggers bronchodilation
- Binds to mast cells (correct)
Which chemical is primarily responsible for increased vascular permeability during an allergic reaction?
Which chemical is primarily responsible for increased vascular permeability during an allergic reaction?
- Histamine (correct)
- Adrenaline
- Noradrenaline
- Prostaglandin D2
What effect does higher-dose adrenaline primarily have during anaphylaxis management?
What effect does higher-dose adrenaline primarily have during anaphylaxis management?
What is one of the major functions of basophils in the immune response?
What is one of the major functions of basophils in the immune response?
What immune cells first bind to allergens in the body?
What immune cells first bind to allergens in the body?
What is released by mast cells that can cause a drop in blood pressure?
What is released by mast cells that can cause a drop in blood pressure?
Which chemical mediator increases vascular permeability during anaphylaxis?
Which chemical mediator increases vascular permeability during anaphylaxis?
What happens to the airway during anaphylaxis due to histamine release?
What happens to the airway during anaphylaxis due to histamine release?
Which medication is typically given to counteract the effects of anaphylaxis?
Which medication is typically given to counteract the effects of anaphylaxis?
What is one potential consequence of increased vascular permeability during anaphylaxis?
What is one potential consequence of increased vascular permeability during anaphylaxis?
What condition is characterized by persistent respiratory and cardiovascular issues despite receiving adrenaline?
What condition is characterized by persistent respiratory and cardiovascular issues despite receiving adrenaline?
Which is a prominent effect of Prostaglandin D2 during inflammation?
Which is a prominent effect of Prostaglandin D2 during inflammation?
What is the primary cause of anaphylaxis?
What is the primary cause of anaphylaxis?
Which of the following best describes angioedema?
Which of the following best describes angioedema?
What characterizes a Grade 3 anaphylaxis reaction?
What characterizes a Grade 3 anaphylaxis reaction?
How do allergic reactions typically present in terms of timing?
How do allergic reactions typically present in terms of timing?
What differentiates an intolerance from an allergy?
What differentiates an intolerance from an allergy?
What does the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) indicate during an allergic reaction?
What does the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) indicate during an allergic reaction?
Which symptom is NOT associated with skin reactions in anaphylaxis?
Which symptom is NOT associated with skin reactions in anaphylaxis?
What is a common symptom of Grade 2 (b) anaphylaxis?
What is a common symptom of Grade 2 (b) anaphylaxis?
Flashcards
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis
A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that affects the airway, breathing, circulation, and sometimes the skin.
Grade 1 Anaphylactic Reaction
Grade 1 Anaphylactic Reaction
A localized, mild allergic reaction, often characterized by redness, itching, and swelling on the skin. It does not involve the vital organs.
Grade 2 Anaphylactic Reaction
Grade 2 Anaphylactic Reaction
A more serious allergic reaction that involves the skin or gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms can include hives, vomiting, and diarrhea. Vital signs are usually stable.
Grade 3 (a) Anaphylactic Reaction
Grade 3 (a) Anaphylactic Reaction
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Grade 3 (b) Anaphylactic Reaction
Grade 3 (b) Anaphylactic Reaction
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Grade 3 (c) Anaphylactic Reaction
Grade 3 (c) Anaphylactic Reaction
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Intolerance
Intolerance
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Allergy
Allergy
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Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
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Mast cells
Mast cells
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Histamine
Histamine
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Bronchoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction
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Basophils
Basophils
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Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
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Prostaglandin D2
Prostaglandin D2
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Degranulation
Degranulation
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Study Notes
Anaphylaxis
- Life-threatening allergic reaction affecting airway, breathing, circulation, and skin
- Hypersensitivity reaction
- Some people are more susceptible due to certain genes or environmental factors
Slide 4 (Meanings of words)
- Urticaria (hives): Red, itchy bumps with rash
- Angioedema: Swelling under the skin surface
- Objective Dyspnea: Gasping, increased respiratory rate, decreased oxygen saturation, use of accessory muscles
Grades of Reaction
- Grade 1: Local reaction on the skin, no change in vital signs
- Grade 2 (a/b): Mild/moderate, skin or gastrointestinal tract involvement (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea)
- Grade 3 (a/b): Severe, respiratory or cardiovascular involvement (e.g., low blood pressure, rapid heart rate)
- Grade 3C: Severe, respiratory arrest and/or cardiovascular arrest
Intolerances and Allergies
- Intolerance and allergy are sometimes used interchangeably
- Intolerance is an adverse reaction to a substance (e.g., food group, lactose, gluten)
- Symptoms of intolerance can be unpleasant and severe but are not life-threatening
- Reactions to intolerances are usually delayed, occurring several hours or up to several days after ingestion
Pathophysiology of Anaphylaxis
- Exposure to allergen triggers a response
- B-lymphocytes produce antibodies (IgE) upon initial exposure
- IgE binds to mast cells and basophils
- Subsequent allergen exposure causes mast cell degranulation, releasing chemical mediators
- Chemical mediators (e.g., histamine, PAF) cause symptoms like vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, etc.
- Mast cells also produce prostaglandin D2 which can lead to bronchoconstriction and vasodilation
Refractory Anaphylaxis
- Occurs when two doses of intramuscular adrenaline are given, but respiratory and cardiovascular problems persist
Adrenaline
- The beta effect helps restore blood pressure (BPM)
- The alpha effect acts on blood vessels
Key Words related to Anaphylaxis
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
- Mast cells
- Degranulation
- Histamine
- Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
- Vascular permeability
- Prostaglandin D2
- Basophils
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