Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a member of the aminoglycoside class?

  • Netilmicin
  • Erythromycin (correct)
  • Gentamicin
  • Kanamycin
  • Which ring structure is common among aminoglycosides?

  • Octose ring
  • Pentose ring
  • Hexose ring (correct)
  • Heptose ring
  • Why should aminoglycosides be taken on an empty stomach?

  • To enhance their stability in solution
  • To allow for better absorption due to alkaline conditions
  • To avoid interaction with acidic pH (correct)
  • To reduce the risk of resistance mechanisms
  • What is the primary mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Inhibition of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enhances the transport of aminoglycosides across the cell membrane?

    <p>Presence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All are established mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides, Except?

    <p>Inhibition of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of aminoglycosides in serum?

    <p>2-3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the dosing preference for aminoglycosides?

    <p>Once daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of killing do aminoglycosides exhibit?

    <p>Concentration-dependent killing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are aminoglycosides mainly eliminated from the body?

    <p>A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition can aminoglycoside concentrations increase in specific parts of the body?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibiotic when administered with aminoglycosides may exhibit synergistic killing against certain bacteria?

    <p>Beta-lactam or vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria are aminoglycosides primarily used against?

    <p>Aerobic Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario are aminoglycosides almost always used in combination with a β-lactam antibiotic?

    <p>When there is concern for drug-resistant pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs are aminoglycosides often combined with to extend empiric coverage?

    <p>β-lactam antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes aminoglycosides more likely to be ototoxic and nephrotoxic?

    <p>Continued therapy for more than 5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of damage can vestibulotoxicity caused by aminoglycosides result in?

    <p>Vertigo, ataxia, and loss of balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aminoglycosides are known to cause auditory damage?

    <p>Neomycin, Amikacin, and Kanamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary toxicity associated with aminoglycosides at certain threshold concentrations?

    <p>Nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dosing strategy results in a greater total time above the threshold concentration with aminoglycosides?

    <p>Multiple smaller doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among Neomycin, Tobramycin, and Gentamicin, which aminoglycoside is the most nephrotoxic?

    <p>All have similar nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aminoglycosides are considered the most vestibulotoxic?

    <p>Streptomycin and Gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form have creams, ointments, and solutions containing gentamicin sulfate been used?

    <p>Treatment of infected burns, wounds, or skin lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum daily dosage of streptomycin for adults?

    <p>1 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most serious toxic effect with streptomycin?

    <p>Vestibular function disturbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect can streptomycin cause if given during pregnancy?

    <p>Deafness in the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should aminoglycosides NOT be used as single agents for therapy of pneumonia?

    <p>Poor penetration of infected lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial strains are NOT inhibited by Gentamicin according to the text?

    <p>Anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which local conditions contribute to the limited activity of aminoglycosides in treating pneumonia?

    <p>Low pH and low oxygen tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is Streptomycin NOT commonly used to treat?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reactions are considered uncommon with gentamicin use?

    <p>Hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to result from prolonged use of gentamicin?

    <p>Nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aminoglycoside is known to have almost the same antibacterial spectrum as gentamicin but is slightly more active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Tobramycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aminoglycoside is resistant to many enzymes that inactivate gentamicin and tobramycin?

    <p>Amikacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aminoglycoside is available for inhalation form and as ophthalmic ointment or drops for the treatment of Superficial Eye Infections?

    <p>Tobramycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aminoglycoside is an alternative treatment for drug-resistant gonorrhea?

    <p>Spectinomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aminoglycoside is more toxic in terms of its effects on the auditory portion of the eighth nerve?

    <p>Amikacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are generally resistant to neomycin?

    <p>Mycobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and streptococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is neomycin generally limited to topical and oral use?

    <p>Associated toxicity with parenteral use and higher resistance rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition can paromomycin be used?

    <p>Intestinal infections with parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is limited to the treatment of Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis?

    <p>Kanamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main route of excretion for absorbed neomycin?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are solutions containing neomycin primarily used when infection is present?

    <p>Joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of neomycin for oral administration?

    <p>Preparation for bowel surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of drugs have significant nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity according to the text?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is neomycin primarily eliminated from the body?

    <p>Through feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can act as antidotes in cases of kanamycin toxicity resulting in curare-like neuromuscular blockade and respiratory arrest?

    <p>Calcium gluconate and neostigmine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aminoglycosides Overview

    • Aminoglycosides are primarily used against gram-negative bacteria
    • They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit

    Mechanism of Action

    • The primary mechanism of action of aminoglycosides is by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis
    • Polymyxin enhances the transport of aminoglycosides across the cell membrane

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Aminoglycosides have a half-life of 2-3 hours in serum
    • They are mainly eliminated from the body through the kidneys
    • Dosing preference for aminoglycosides is once-daily dosing

    Resistance

    • All mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides have been established, except for target modification
    • Resistance to aminoglycosides can occur through enzymatic modification, target modification, and altered permeability

    Adverse Effects

    • Aminoglycosides are ototoxic and nephrotoxic due to their high positive charge and ability to accumulate in the inner ear and kidneys
    • Ototoxicity can result in irreversible auditory damage
    • Nephrotoxicity can occur at certain threshold concentrations
    • Aminoglycosides can also cause vestibulotoxicity, resulting in balance and coordination problems

    Specific Aminoglycosides

    • Gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin are commonly used aminoglycosides
    • Neomycin is not absorbed orally and is primarily used topically or orally for gut decontamination
    • Streptomycin is used to treat tuberculosis and is teratogenic

    Indications and Contraindications

    • Aminoglycosides are used against gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli
    • They are often used in combination with β-lactam antibiotics for broad-spectrum coverage
    • Aminoglycosides should not be used as single agents for therapy of pneumonia due to limited activity in the lungs
    • Gentamicin is not effective against Streptococcus, anaerobes, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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    Test your knowledge about aminoglycoside antibiotics including Streptomycin, Neomycin, Kanamycin, and more. Learn about their structure, mechanism of action, and clinical uses.

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