Alston Brain Tumors: Cell Types, Grading, and Staging

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Which type of brain tumor is characterized by primitive, undifferentiated cells and tends to spread via the cerebrospinal fluid?

Medulloblastoma

Which brain tumor type is commonly associated with a deletion on Chromosome 22 and is often seen in patients with Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)?

Meningioma

Which type of brain tumor arises from outside the brain through hematogenous spread or direct invasion, often presenting as multiple lesions at the grey-white junction?

Metastatic brain tumor

Which immunohistochemical markers are commonly positive in B-cell CNS Lymphomas?

CD20, CD19

Which brain tumor type is characterized by nests and whorls of cells, often attached to the dura, and has a tendency to compress the underlying brain?

Meningioma

Which brain tumor type is commonly found in the cerebellopontine angle, shows areas of varying density known as Antoni A and B, and is S100 positive?

Schwannoma

What is the most common primary brain tumor?

Astrocytoma

Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with brain tumors?

Cafe-au-lait spots

What is a characteristic feature of NF2?

Bilateral schwannomas

Where is the most common location for primary brain tumors in children?

Brainstem

What is the main characteristic of Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome?

Hemangioblastomas

Which type of tumor is commonly associated with the presence of cafe-au-lait spots and neurofibromas?

Neurofibroma

Which type of brain tumor is often GFAP positive?

Astrocytoma

What is a common characteristic of pilocytic brain tumors?

Cystic nature

Which genetic abnormality is associated with sensitivity to chemotherapy in brain tumors?

1p/19q deletions

Where do ependymomas commonly arise in the brain?

Around ventricles and spinal cord

Which type of brain tumor is characterized by 'fried egg' morphology and calcifications?

Oligodendroglioma

Which type of brain tumor is aggressive and presents as a small, blue-cell tumor?

Neuroblastoma

Which genetic abnormalities are associated with sensitivity to chemotherapy in brain tumors?

1p/19q deletions

Where do primary brain tumors commonly infiltrate into the surrounding brain?

Bordering cortex

Which syndrome is characterized by cafe-au-lait spots and neurofibromas, and is commonly associated with specific brain tumor types?

Neurofibromatosis type 1

Which brain tumor type is characterized by perivascular rosettes and ependymal rosettes in its morphology?

Ependymoma

What is a common symptom associated with ganglion cell tumors in the brain?

Seizures

Which genetic abnormality is commonly associated with meningiomas and often seen in patients with Neurofibromatosis type 2?

Deletion of Chromosome 22

Which primary brain tumor type is most likely to metastasize to the CNS via hematogenous spread?

Choriocarcinoma

What is a classic feature of meningiomas when observed under histopathology?

Bland oval nuclei

Which symptom is commonly associated with brain tumors that arise from outside the brain through hematogenous spread or direct invasion?

Compression of the underlying brain

What is a common characteristic shared by most metastases to the brain?

Identical morphology with primary tumor

Which characteristic best describes phakomatoses?

Genetic syndromes with nervous system and other lesions

Which primary brain tumor is most commonly found in children in the brainstem and thalamus?

Astrocytoma

What is a key feature that distinguishes primary brain tumors in adults from those in children?

Location in the cerebral hemispheres

Which tumor type is characterized by 'fried egg' morphology and calcifications?

Oligodendroglioma

What distinguishes Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome from other phakomatoses?

Hemangioblastomas and renal cell carcinomas

Which brain tumor type is commonly associated with a deletion on Chromosome 22 and is often seen in patients with Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)?

Meningioma

What is a common genetic factor observed in multiple meningiomas in patients with Neurofibromatosis type 2?

Chromosome 22 deletion

Which brain tumor is known for arising from outside the brain via hematogenous spread or direct invasion, often presenting as multiple lesions frequently at the grey-white junction?

Metastatic brain tumor

Which primary brain tumor is characterized by primitive, undifferentiated cells and tends to spread via the cerebrospinal fluid?

Medulloblastoma

In which type of brain tumor do the B-cell immunohistochemical markers CD20 and CD19 show positivity?

CNS Lymphoma

Which feature distinguishes astrocytoma from gliosis?

Gemistocytic GFAP-positive cells

What is a distinguishing feature of Grade IV/IV astrocytomas compared to Grade II/IV astrocytomas?

Higher mitotic rate and pleomorphism

What genetic factor is commonly associated with astrocytomas?

Overexpression of p53

Which statement best describes the survival rate of individuals with astrocytomas?

Mean survival over 5 years

What symptoms are commonly associated with astrocytomas?

Seizures and deficits dependent on lesion location

Which immunostain would highlight the glial component in a ganglioglioma?

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

What is a common feature of cerebral neurocytomas that helps differentiate them from other brain tumors?

Positivity for neuronal markers

Which characteristic is not typically associated with ganglion cell tumors in the brain?

Perivascular lymphocytic cuffing

In gangliocytomas, what is a distinguishing feature compared to other ganglion cell tumors?

Low aggressiveness

Which brain tumor type is most likely to show similar features to medulloblastoma but is typically located in the cerebral hemispheres?

Cerebral neuroblastoma

What is the most significant factor that determines the highest grade in Glioblastoma (GBM) according to the text?

Necrosis

Which genetic abnormality is common in primary GBM and involves amplification of EGFR and loss of Chromosome 10?

EGFR amplification

What common changes in tumor suppressor genes are associated with the transition to higher grade astrocytomas and glioblastomas?

p16/CDKN2A deletion

Which type of brain tumor progression involves tumors that evolve from astrocytomas to anaplastic astrocytomas to glioblastomas?

Secondary GBM

What is a diagnostic feature associated with the highest grade in Glioblastoma (GBM)?

Vascular proliferation

Which genetic factor is common in lower grade lesions and secondary GBM but not in primary GBM?

TP53 amplification

What characteristic is associated with higher grade brain tumors in terms of pleomorphism?

Variability/anaplasia

Learn about different brain tumors, their classification by cell types, grading processes, and staging criteria. Understand characteristics of glial tumors such as astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and GBM. Explore the impact of tumor grade on prognosis and survival rates.

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