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Questions and Answers
What is the functional group present in aldehydes?
What is the functional group present in aldehydes?
What is the purpose of the safety tube in the steam distillation apparatus?
What is the purpose of the safety tube in the steam distillation apparatus?
Why do short-chained aldehydes have higher boiling points than comparable alkanes?
Why do short-chained aldehydes have higher boiling points than comparable alkanes?
What is the name of the compound extracted from cloves using steam distillation?
What is the name of the compound extracted from cloves using steam distillation?
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What is the reason for the solubility of short-chained aldehydes in water?
What is the reason for the solubility of short-chained aldehydes in water?
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What is the purpose of the Liebeg condenser in the steam distillation apparatus?
What is the purpose of the Liebeg condenser in the steam distillation apparatus?
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What is a common use of ketones?
What is a common use of ketones?
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What happens to the polarity of longer-chained aldehydes?
What happens to the polarity of longer-chained aldehydes?
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What is the purpose of adding an organic solvent, such as cyclohexane, to the emulsion?
What is the purpose of adding an organic solvent, such as cyclohexane, to the emulsion?
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What happens to the cyclohexane after it is used to separate the eugenol from the water?
What happens to the cyclohexane after it is used to separate the eugenol from the water?
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What is a characteristic of lower carboxylic acids?
What is a characteristic of lower carboxylic acids?
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What is the functional group present in all esters?
What is the functional group present in all esters?
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What is the main component of vinegar?
What is the main component of vinegar?
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What is the purpose of steam distillation in organic natural compounds?
What is the purpose of steam distillation in organic natural compounds?
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What is a characteristic of aromatic compounds?
What is a characteristic of aromatic compounds?
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Study Notes
Aldehydes
- Contain the functional group CHO and end in "al"
- Examples: Methanal (HCHO), Butanal (CH₃CH₂CH₂CHO)
- Molecular formulas end in CHO
- Short-chained aldehydes are polar due to the C=O bond, leading to higher boiling points and solubility in water
- Longer chained aldehydes become less polar and are soluble in cyclohexane
Uses of Aldehydes
- Found in nature (e.g., Benzaldehyde in almond kernels)
- Produced when the body breaks down alcohol
- Used in cooking as almond essence
Ketones
- Contain the functional group C=O and end in "-one"
- Examples: Propanone (Acetone), Butanone
- Properties similar to aldehydes due to the carbonyl group
- Liquids at room temperature, with lower ketones soluble in water and longer ketones soluble in cyclohexane
- Uses: often found in nature (e.g., Testosterone, Progesterone), used as solvents (e.g., Propanone as a nail varnish remover)
Carboxylic Acids
- Contain the carboxyl group and end in "-oic acid"
- Examples: Methanoic acid (HCOOH), Butanoic acid (CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH)
- Molecular formulas end in COOH
- Lower carboxylic acids are liquids at room temperature with a sharp acidic smell
- Higher carboxylic acids become less polar and are soluble in cyclohexane
- Soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding
Uses of Carboxylic Acids
- Used in food preservation (e.g., Propanoic acid)
- Main component of vinegar (Ethanoic acid)
- Emitted by nettles and ants (Methanoic acid)
Esters
- Contain the functional group COO and end in "-oate"
- Examples: Methyl ethanoate, Methyl propanoate
- Made by combining carboxylic acids and alcohols
- Properties similar to aldehydes and ketones
- Esters with up to 5 carbons are water-soluble, while longer esters are soluble in cyclohexane
Uses of Esters
- Have strong, pleasant, fruity smells (e.g., bananas, pears, mangos)
- Used as solvents (e.g., Ethyl ethanoate)
- Fats are naturally occurring esters made from long-chained carboxylic acids
Aromatic Compounds
- Contain a benzene ring with delocalized double bonds
- Non-polar and soluble in cyclohexane
- Examples: Methylbenzene, Phenolphthalein, Aspirin
- Uses: pharmaceuticals, insecticides, and indicators
Organic Natural Compounds
- Found in nature (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, aspirin)
- Extracted using steam distillation
- Steam distillation: a separation technique used to extract natural products from plant material
- Example: Clove oil extraction using steam distillation
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Description
Learn about the structure and properties of aldehydes, including their functional group, molecular formulas, and solubility and boiling points.
