AI in Public Health: Introduction
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary objective of the course project in Public Health?

  • To study the history of Public Health
  • To build predictive algorithms for malaria cases (correct)
  • To conduct a systematic literature review
  • To analyze the economic impact of health policies

    • Which of the following topics is covered in Week 2 of the course?

  • Global environmental changes
  • Social determinants of health
  • Introduction to health systems
  • Outbreak prediction using AI (correct)

    • What kind of approaches will be discussed in Week 3 for predicting outbreaks?

  • Basic statistical modeling
  • Ensemble approaches (correct)
  • Psychological profiling techniques
  • Historical analysis methods

    • What determinants of health are highlighted in the course outline?

    <p>Social, biological, and behavioral factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is discussed for risk prediction related to cardiovascular diseases?

    <p>CVD risk prediction using AI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of health is emphasized in relation to Climate Change during the course?

    <p>The impact of environmental changes on health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning method is introduced in Week 3 for Public Health training?

    <p>Visual learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of analysis is crucial for predicting outbreak data as outlined in the course?

    <p>Integrated data analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of field investigation in epidemiology?

    <p>To follow surveillance indications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a case definition in epidemiology from a clinical definition?

    <p>A case definition uses standardized criteria for identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'population at risk'?

    <p>Individuals who could potentially develop a specific outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating incidence rate?

    <p>Incidence Rate = Number of new cases / Person-time at risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cumulative incidence differ from incidence rate?

    <p>Cumulative incidence measures risk over a specific period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does point prevalence measure?

    <p>Existing cases at a specific time in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is incidence important in understanding population health?

    <p>It identifies the risk of developing a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prevalence provide regarding disease within a population?

    <p>An understanding of the current burden of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of public health surveillance?

    <p>To guide public health actions and policies based on health data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which discipline focuses on how the environments impact human health?

    <p>Environmental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does biostatistics primarily involve?

    <p>Application of statistical methods to biological and medical research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is monitoring health changes and trends important in public health?

    <p>To identify increasing or decreasing trends in diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of public health focuses on the efficient use of resources?

    <p>Health Economics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data does public health surveillance primarily collect?

    <p>Health-related data for planning and evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element of assessing current health status in public health?

    <p>Interpreting mortality and morbidity statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes epidemiology?

    <p>Study of health-related states in populations to control health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of data analysis in public health surveillance?

    <p>To examine data for patterns, trends, and health threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT typically considered during the interpretation of public health data?

    <p>Incidence and prevalence rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of information are included in the data collection phase of public health surveillance?

    <p>Health outcomes and risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when disseminating findings from public health data?

    <p>Whom to send findings to and how often</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In public health surveillance, what does the term 'dissemination' primarily refer to?

    <p>Sharing analyzed data with stakeholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of data interpretation in public health surveillance?

    <p>Making insights into health events and determining their significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common source for data collection in public health surveillance?

    <p>Casual conversations on social media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of analyses are conducted during the data analysis phase?

    <p>Evaluating disease incidence, prevalence, and patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of public health as defined by Winslow?

    <p>Promoting health through organized societal efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is considered fundamental in public health?

    <p>Social justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a significant impact of vaccination programs in public health?

    <p>Eradication of diseases like smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does public health contribute to economic benefits?

    <p>By preventing diseases and reducing healthcare costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What global program has contributed significantly to the reduction of polio cases since 1988?

    <p>Global Polio Eradication Initiative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of clean water initiatives in public health?

    <p>Decreased incidence of waterborne diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which program focuses on improving maternal and child health on a global scale?

    <p>Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a significant approach in tobacco control measures at the global level?

    <p>WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following definitions correctly describes health determinants?

    <p>Various factors that influence health outcomes including social and environmental issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)?

    <p>They often progress slowly and are influenced by lifestyle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disease transmission occurs through vectors like mosquitoes?

    <p>Indirect Transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines health promotion?

    <p>Enabling communities to control and improve their health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component primarily focuses on the management and treatment of illnesses?

    <p>Clinical Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a health outcome?

    <p>The result of a medical condition impacting life expectancy or quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Health Impact Pyramid?

    <p>To provide a framework for public health action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT contribute as a social determinant of health?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    AI in Public Health: Introduction

    • The presentation introduces the use of AI in public health.
    • The presenter is Joacim Rocklöv, Prof. and Marina Treskova, PhD.
    • The location is the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health & Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University.
    • The website address is www.hei-planet.com.

    Course Outline

    • Week 1: Introduction to Public Health and Epidemiology covers such subtopics as introduction, noncommunicable diseases, infectious diseases, study designs, and causality.
    • Week 2: Diving into Public Health and Epidemiology methods will include systematic literature review, ethics and data protection, climate change and health, CVD risk prediction using AI, and integrated data analysis applied to outbreak prediction (e.g., avian flu). A guest lecture by Wanda Markotter, Prof. is scheduled.
    • Week 3: Focuses on visual learning in public health with novel data streams for Public Health applications, visual learning of mosquito breeding sites, and early warning and ensemble approaches for outbreak prediction.

    Course Project and Tutorials

    • The project will involve developing predictive algorithms to predict malaria cases in Mozambique using data accessible within the dataset.
    • Participants will work in teams of up to three students.
    • A January 30th deadline is set for submitted predictions which will be integrated into an ensemble prediction exercise to evaluate the predictive power of the individual models.
    • Tutorials are linked to lectures.

    Lecture 1: Introduction to Public Health

    • The lecture was presented by Marina Treskova, PhD, Head of Research Group, Eco-Epidemiology.
    • The location is the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health & Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University.
    • The website address is www.hei-planet.com.

    Outline

    • The presentation provides an overview of public health.
    • Topics include core concepts, approach and key functions, determinants of health (social, biological, behavioral), global environmental changes and health, health systems, health economics, and policy, and epidemiology.

    Public Health Definition

    • C.E.A. Winslow (1920) defined public health as the science and art of:
      • Preventing disease.
      • Prolonging life.
      • Promoting health through organized efforts of society.
    • Public health focuses on populations, equity, prevention, and evidence-based interventions.
    • Public health aims to maximize benefit for the largest number of people, serving the greater good.
    • It includes social justice principles.

    Why Public Health Matters

    • Public health improves health outcomes worldwide.
    • It addresses health inequalities and tackles global threats.
    • Public health brings economic benefits by preventing diseases.
    • Locally, public health prioritizes community health and well-being, disease prevention (e.g., outbreaks), environmental health, and awareness campaigns.

    Public Health Successes

    • Vaccination programs have eradicated smallpox and significantly reduced polio, measles, and other diseases.
    • Initiatives like the Global Polio Eradication Initiative have reduced polio cases by over 99% since 1988.
    • Clean water initiatives have reduced waterborne diseases like cholera and diarrhea, especially in low-resource settings.
    • Tobacco control measures have decreased smoking rates and related diseases.
    • Improved maternal and child health is exemplified by dramatic reductions in maternal and child mortality rates.
    • Efforts like the Millennium Development Goals and PEPFAR programs are key factors to address HIV/AIDS.

    Key Concepts and Components of Public Health

    • Health outcomes are results of medical conditions impacting a person's quality and length of life.
    • Health determinants include biological, social, and environmental factors.
    • Clinical care covers prevention, treatment, and illness management.
    • Health promotion empowers individuals and communities to improve health.

    Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases

    • Communicable diseases are caused by infectious agents, transmittable directly or indirectly.
    • Non-communicable diseases are chronic, not caused by infectious agents, non-transmissible between individuals, and affected by lifestyle and environmental factors.

    Determinants of Health

    • A pie chart depicts the proportion of factors influencing health outcomes, encompassing social/societal characteristics (total ecology), genes and biology, health behaviors, and medical care.

    Health Impact Pyramid

    • A pyramid structure visualizes the impact of public health strategies with various interventions, from socioeconomic factors at the base to counseling and education at the top.

    A Public Health Approach

    • Public health involves a process where problems are identified, causes are determined, interventions are implemented, and their effectiveness is evaluated and scaled up in the real world.

    Essential Public Health Services (CDC)

    • The CDC model outlines 10 interconnected essential public health services categorized under three core functions: Assessment, Policy Development, and Assurance.
    • Assessment involves monitoring health issues, data collection and analysis, diagnosing community health needs, and responding to risks/outbreaks.
    • Policy Development entails informing/educating/empowering the public, building community partnerships, and establishing plans/policies supporting individual/community health.
    • Assurance includes ensuring safety, providing access to healthcare, training competent workforce and assessing quality of health services.

    Major Disciplines of Public Health

    • Epidemiology studies the distribution and determinants of health-related events.
    • Laboratories provide tools and methods to diagnose, monitor, prevent, and control diseases affecting populations.
    • Biostatistics applies statistical methods to health data and disease analysis.
    • Environmental health examines how environments affect human health.
    • Social and behavioral sciences study patterns and behaviors related to health.
    • Health economics addresses optimal resource utilization in the health sector.

    Public Health Surveillance

    • Public health surveillance is about systematically collecting, analyzing, interpreting and disseminating health data for planning, implementing, and evaluating public health actions and policies.
    • Surveillance is crucial for understanding health events, guiding public health policies, and improving health outcomes.
    • This process has several vital aspects including assessing current health status, tracking health trends, planning/evaluation of data, monitoring public health programs and interventions, and improving interventions.
    • Surveillance must also be useful, timely, representative, flexible, sensitive, have strong predictive value, and be acceptable to the public and healthcare providers and cost effective.
    • Surveillance has several types: passive, active, sentinel, syndromic, and laboratory-based, each targeting different aspects of public health trends or outbreaks.
    • Driver-based surveillance delves into the underlying causes of health conditions.
    • Surveillance may examine risk factors, implement interventions to improve health outcomes, and build programs to enhance public health preparedness for addressing emergencies (e.g., pandemics).
    • Data collection integrates information from various sources (hospitals, labs, surveys, registries). Types include health outcomes, risk factors, and population characteristics. Stages involve analyzing data (identifying patterns), interpretation (making insights), and dissemination (sharing information).

    Epidemiology: Introduction to Fundamentals

    • Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence and distribution.
    • Key epidemiological elements to understand in a population include who is affected (person), where the disease occurs (place) and when (time).
    • Observational Epidemiology (non-experimental) explores disease patterns in different populations.
    • Descriptive epidemiology just describes disease patterns.
    • Analytical epidemiology looks at associations between factors and disease outcomes to understand potential causes.
    • Intervention epidemiology tests hypotheses by modifying exposures in a population.

    Epidemiology: Exposures and Outcomes

    • Exposure (risk factor or determinant) is a health-related factor potentially influencing disease or health outcomes.
    • Outcome could be any health event or state (illness, disease or risk factor).
    • Risk factors consider personal behavior, lifestyle, and environmental exposure.

    Epidemiology: Major Functions

    • Field investigations, observational and analytic studies, describing health and disease patterns, interpreting disease patterns, testing hypotheses and evaluating the effects of interventions.

    Epidemiology: Cases and Population

    • A case definition standardizes criteria for identifying cases of a specific disease.
    • The population under study, often at risk, needs to be clearly defined.

    Epidemiology: Measures of Occurrence

    • Incidence measures new disease cases over time.
    • Prevalence represents the total cases of a disease at a specific point in time, crucial to assess disease burden.

    Epidemiology: Incidence Measures

    • Incidence rate and cumulative incidence are two principal measures used in epidemiology to understand the occurrence of new cases of a disease over time.

    Epidemiology: Prevalence Measures

    • Point Prevalence assesses the number of existing cases at a given time.
    • Period Prevalence calculates cases of a disease during a specific timeframe.
    • Important aspects of both include that they present the disease burden in a population at a particular time and high prevalence indicates ongoing disease transmission.

    Epidemiology: Morbidity and Mortality

    • Morbidity refers to illness or health conditions in a population.
    • Mortality refers to deaths within a defined population.

    Epidemiology: Measures of Effect

    • Measures of effect quantify the relationship between exposure and disease/outcome.
    • Common measures of effect include risk ratio, odds ratio, attributable risk, and population attributable risk.

    Epidemiology: Risk Ratio (Relative Risk)

    • Risk ratio (RR) is a measure used in cohort studies to compare the risk of an outcome between exposed group versus unexposed group.
    • An RR of 1 indicates no difference in risk based on exposure, while RR>1 and RR<1 indicate increased and decreased risk, respectively, among exposed group versus unexposed group.

    Epidemiology: Odds Ratio (OR)

    • Odds ratio and is a common measure used primarily to assess associations between exposures and outcomes in case-control studies, rather than cohort studies.
    • An OR is a measure used in epidemiological studies and often employed in case-control studies, used to quantify the association between exposure to a risk factor and the odds of developing a particular health outcome.
    • An OR value of 1 means no association between the exposure and the outcome. Values >1 indicate a positive association, while values <1 suggest a negative association.
    • It is crucial to note the differences in applications of RR and OR

    Epidemiology: Attributable Risk and Population Attributable Risk

    • Attributable Risk (AR) quantifies the proportion of disease/outcome within an exposed group attributable to the exposure. A measure of the proportion of disease in the exposed group that is due to the exposure variable, and not to other variables.
    • Population Attributable Risk (PAR) estimates the proportion of the overall disease/outcome in the total population that is attributable to a specific exposure.

    Epidemiology: Understanding Survival

    • Survival Function (S(t)) represents the probability of surviving beyond a certain time.
    • Hazard Function (h(t)) shows the rate of an event at a certain time point.
    • Studying survival time.

    Digital Transformation

    • The presentation contrasts historical public health methodologies with the modern era.

    New in Data Sources

    • Various new data sources impact public health surveillance, such as data from wearable devices.

    Thank You! and Questions

    • Concluding remarks and an invitation for questions.

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    AI in Public Health Lecture 1 PDF

    Description

    This quiz assesses your understanding of the applications of AI in public health, based on a course led by experts in the field. You'll explore key topics like epidemiology methods, climate change's impact on health, and the use of AI for disease prediction. Ensure you're familiar with the content before taking this quiz.

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