Agrarian Reform in the Philippines

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary way lands are to be distributed to workers during the specified period?

  • Directly to individual worker-beneficiaries (correct)
  • Via private sector allocation
  • By communal sharing among groups
  • Through government auction

What option is presented if it is not economically feasible to divide the land?

  • Distribute it equally among community members
  • Create a workers' cooperative or association (correct)
  • Sell it to private investors
  • Form a governmental oversight committee

What type of agreements are mentioned for the cooperative or association to engage in?

  • Supplier contracts
  • Public service contracts
  • Lease or growers agreements (correct)
  • Employment contracts

Which of the following is not stated as a reason for forming a workers' cooperative?

<p>To facilitate economic growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What steps will the government take regarding the lands during the specified period?

<p>They will acquire the lands for distribution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What program did the younger Aquino implement to provide financial support for crop production?

<p>Agrarian Production Credit Program (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key initiatives launched under President Duterte's administration related to agrarian reform?

<p>Second phase of agrarian reform (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which program was created to ensure the faster resolution of agrarian-related legal cases?

<p>Legal Case Monitoring System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Executive Order No. 26 primarily aimed at enhancing?

<p>National Greening Program (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the critical goals of the Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services project?

<p>Rural poverty reduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach did Duterte prioritize in his aggressive land reform program?

<p>Support services alongside land distribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant land reform action did Duterte take in Boracay?

<p>Placing 400 hectares of agricultural land under CARP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiative did the Department of Agrarian Reform pursue to address case backlogs?

<p>Oplan Zero Backlog (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the agrarian reform program?

<p>To enable landless farmers to own the lands they till (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is emphasized for the welfare of farmers and farmworkers?

<p>Social justice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for achieving equitable land distribution?

<p>Incorporating ecological needs of the nation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the program aim to improve the quality of life for farmers?

<p>By enhancing their dignity through productivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of land ownership as outlined in the content?

<p>Farmers have the right to own lands collectively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the basis of Philippine agriculture, according to the content?

<p>Owner cultivatorship of economic-sized farms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rights are acknowledged in relation to landowners during the agrarian reform?

<p>Rights to just compensation for their land (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'owner cultivatorship' related to?

<p>Farmers maintaining economic-sized farms they own (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must happen before a new agreement can be entered into by the workers' cooperative?

<p>An agreement must exist between the former landowner and the corporation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prohibited under the Act regarding the benefits of worker-beneficiaries?

<p>Reduction or diminution of benefits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the Act discusses production and income-sharing applicable to multinational corporations?

<p>Section 32 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What support is provided to new owners during the transition period?

<p>Training in modern technology for production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must existing agreements be between for them to be respected under this Act?

<p>Workers' cooperative and the corporation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'vested right' as mentioned in the context of the Act?

<p>Rights that are permanently assigned to beneficiaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the scope of the Act regarding existing agreements?

<p>Respects former agreements until new ones are made (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of the Act on multinational corporations regarding their operational structure?

<p>Enhances compliance requirements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum area of agricultural land that a landowner can retain according to the specified limits?

<p>5 hectares (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors determine the size of agricultural land allowable for retention?

<p>Commodity produced, terrain, infrastructure, and soil fertility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for determining factors affecting viable family-size farms?

<p>The Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is false regarding the retention limits?

<p>All agricultural land ownership is permitted without limits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Retention of agricultural land is limited based on which of the following criteria?

<p>Combination of multiple specified factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of Republic Act No. 1160 enacted during Ramon Magsaysay's presidency?

<p>To abolish the Land Settlement Development Corporation and resettle landless farmers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law, enacted during Diosdado Macapagal's presidency, aimed to abolish share tenancy in agriculture?

<p>Republic Act No. 3844 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law established the Land Tenure Administration responsible for large tenanted land acquisition?

<p>Republic Act No. 1400 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the interest rate range for loans provided to small farmers under Republic Act No. 821?

<p>6 to 8 percent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization replaced the National Land Settlement Administration in 1950?

<p>Land Settlement Development Corporation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 provide for tenant farmers?

<p>Security of tenure and rights of preemption and redemption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act created the framework for agricultural tenancy in 1954?

<p>Republic Act No. 1199 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hectares were set as the retention limit under the Agricultural Land Reform Code?

<p>75 hectares (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

LASEDECO

Land Settlement and Development Corporation, replaced the National Land Settlement Administration.

NARRA

National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration, resettled dissidents and landless farmers.

Agricultural Tenancy Act (1954)

Defined the relationship between landowners and tenants, establishing share-tenancy and leasehold systems, and ensuring security of tenure.

Land Reform Act (1955)

Created Land Tenure Administration (LTA) to acquire and distribute large tenanted rice and corn lands.

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Agricultural Land Reform Code (1963)

Abolished share tenancy, established leasehold, set land ownership limits, and improved rights for tenant farmers.

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Retention limit (1963)

Maximum amount of land an individual/corporation can own.

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Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration

Provided low-interest loans to small farmers and share tenants.

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Period of the New Society

Period of political changes, ushered in by Proclamation 1081.

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Retention Limit

The maximum amount of agricultural land a person or entity can own, set to ensure a fair distribution of land and promote family-sized farms.

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Viable Family-Size Farm

A farm that can provide sufficient income and livelihood for a family, considering factors like crop, terrain, infrastructure, and soil fertility.

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Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC)

A body established to determine the retention limit for agricultural lands based on factors like crop, terrain, infrastructure, and soil fertility.

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Factors affecting retention limit

These include the type of crop produced, the land's terrain, available infrastructure, and the soil's fertility.

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Retention limit for landowners

Under the law, no landowner can retain more than five hectares of agricultural land.

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Land Acquisition for Distribution

The government's responsibility to acquire land during a specific period for immediate distribution to individuals or cooperatives.

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Individual Worker-Beneficiaries

The primary recipients of land distribution, typically individuals working the land directly.

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Workers' Cooperative

A group of workers forming an association to manage and utilize land when individual distribution is not feasible.

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Landless farmers' welfare

The well-being of farmers without land

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Lease or Growers Agreement

A legal arrangement allowing cooperatives to manage land, typically for farming, in collaboration with landowners or businesses.

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Legitimate Purposes

The specific reasons why cooperatives can utilize the land beyond farming, such as promoting their interests and engaging in legal activities.

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Social justice

Fairness and equality for all

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Rural development

Improving rural areas

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Equitable land distribution

Fairer division of land ownership

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Landowner compensation

Payment to landowners

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Agrarian reform program

A program to improve farm life

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Farmworkers' rights

Giving landless farmers rights to own land collectively.

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Cultivatorship

Farming as a job

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Aquino's Agrarian Reform Initiatives

President Aquino implemented programs like ARCCESS, APCP, and LCMS to improve agrarian reform and reduce rural poverty.

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ARCCESS Project

A project under Aquino's administration that aimed to improve the overall condition of agrarian reform areas, specifically focused on reducing rural poverty.

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Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP)

A program that provided credit support for crop production to agrarian reform beneficiaries and farmers' organizations.

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Legal Case Monitoring System (LCMS)

A web-based system to record and monitor agrarian cases at different administrative levels to ensure faster resolution and better tracking of cases.

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Duterte's Agrarian Reform Plan

Duterte's plan for an aggressive land reform program focusing on support services and land distribution to benefit farmers.

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2nd Phase of CARP

Duterte's initiative to award undistributed lands under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) to landless farmers.

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CARP Expansion

Duterte's plan to include public lands, including military reserves, in the land reform program.

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Oplan Zero Backlog

A Duterte administration initiative to quickly resolve agrarian cases to expedite the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).

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Existing Agreements

Agreements between former landowners and workers' cooperatives/associations existing before this law takes effect will be respected by both parties until a new agreement is made.

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No Reduction of Benefits

This law won't worsen the status or reduce the benefits received by worker-beneficiaries as they existed before its implementation.

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Modern Technology

During the transition period, new land owners will receive assistance to learn and adopt modern production technology.

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Production and Income Sharing

The income-sharing provisions of Section 32 of this Act apply to farms owned by multinational corporations.

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Workers' Cooperatives/Associations

These groups represent workers who have rights and agreements with landowners.

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Previous Landowner

The person or entity who owned the land before the new law came into effect.

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Transition Period

The time frame during which new land owners are getting used to their roles and the new law is being fully implemented.

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New Owners

Individuals or organizations who acquired land under the new law.

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Study Notes

Agrarian Reform in the Philippines

  • Agrarian reform rectifies the agricultural system, crucial for the Philippine economy as half the population is employed in agriculture.
  • It focuses on the connection between production and land distribution, and the economic/political class structures underlying these relationships.
  • Colonial history significantly impacted the Philippines' agrarian problems.

Land Ownership under Spanish Rule

  • Spanish colonization introduced pueblo agriculture, organizing rural communities into pueblos but not allowing individual land ownership.
  • Filipinos cultivated lands owned by the Spanish king, paying tributes in agricultural products.
  • Through the Law of the Indies, religious orders, military rewards, and encomiendas (managed lands) were organized giving Filipinos no land rights.
  • Encomienda system allowed encomenderos to extract resources and services from Filipinos making them pay low prices for products.
  • The hacienda system developed in the 19th-century, focused on world exports where Filipinos became tied to the global market while haciendas were large, privately owned estates.

Land Ownership under American Rule

  • The Americans recognized landlessness as a social issue and attempted land reforms.
  • The Philippines Bill of 1902 established land ownership limits.
  • The Torrens system was introduced for accurate land records (Act No. 496)
  • The homestead program (1903) allowed tenant farmers to own land.
  • But the system did not significantly improve landownership; many Filipinos remained landless or were forced into tenancy.
  • The Sakdal Uprising (1935) was a peasant rebellion caused by land inequality.

Post-War Agrarian Interventions

  • Rehabilitation efforts focused on addressing land problems after World War II.
  • Republic Act 34 established tenant/landlord 70-30 sharing arrangements.
  • The Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO), under President Quirino, was established.
  • President Magsaysay pursued comprehensive land reforms and gained congress support for Republic Act No. 1199, or the Agricultural Tenancy Act. This governed relationships between landholders and tenants
  • The Agricultural Tenancy Commission and the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration were established to strengthen tenancy rights and aid farmer access to credit.

Agrarian Reform under Marcos

  • President Marcos implemented various land reform decrees, including the Code of Agrarian Reform, during martial law.
  • These reforms aimed to end sharecropping, improve peasant's rights and redistribute agricultural land.  

Agrarian Reform under subsequent administrations

  • Subsequent leaders like President Macapagal, Aquino, Arroyo, and others introduced measures like the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) and its subsequent extensions, intended to further address the issue of land tenure.
  • These administrations attempted to redistribute land, improve farmer rights, but faced challenges such as bureaucratic obstacles and resistance from landowners.

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