Questions and Answers
What is an example of an action that can be assessed using mimetic gestures?
Which of the following symptoms indicates difficulties in navigating familiar environments?
What cognitive function involves shifting between different concepts or tasks?
Which task would most likely assess working memory?
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In which scenario would decision-making be evaluated using competing alternatives?
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What may require increased effort to complete a complex task?
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Which example is indicative of cognitive flexibility?
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What might demonstrate the need for feedback utilization?
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Which laboratory test is commonly performed based on the physician's clinical judgment?
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What physical examination may indicate vitamin B12 deficiency?
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Which test would NOT typically be part of the common laboratory tests listed?
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In assessing for thyroid disease, which laboratory test would be appropriate?
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Which of the following tests might be conducted if there is clinical suspicion for a specific condition?
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What does BADL stand for in the context of dementia assessment?
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Which of the following is NOT included in the BADL category?
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Which scale assesses functional disabilities in relation to social interactions?
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Which of the following items is considered an IADL?
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What is the primary focus of the Disability Assessment for Dementia according to the provided content?
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Out of these options, which is an example of an IADL that involves planning and execution?
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Which of the following components are specifically categorized under BADL?
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How many items are included under the assessment scales for dementia as stated in the content?
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What condition is NOT typically associated with normal ageing?
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Which of the following is a common cause of increased falls in older adults?
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What is one common auditory impairment that affects older adults?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to the deterioration of vision with age?
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What is the main reason for an increased incidence of burns and injuries among older individuals?
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Which health condition is NOT commonly seen in older adults?
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What aspect of mobility can be affected by normal ageing?
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What is a common issue with balance as people age?
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What is the primary factor contributing to the increase in dementia cases in low- and middle-income countries?
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How does the prevalence of dementia change with age, according to the World Health Organisation?
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Which type of dementia is reported to be more prevalent in Europe and North America?
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What is a notable finding about the prevalence of dementia in Asian countries compared to Western countries?
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What percentage range is suggested for the rates of dementia among the Chinese population?
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What is indicated about the workload for caregivers at a Residential Care Home or Day Care Centre?
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Which form of dementia contributes to the largest percentage of cases?
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What could potentially affect the rates of dementia reported in studies among different populations?
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Study Notes
Risk Factors for Falls in Older Adults
- Older individuals have a high risk of falls: 25% of those over 70 and 50% of those over 80 fall at least once a year.
- Contributing factors include:
- Polypharmacy: Regular use of five or more medications.
- Mobility problems: Both normal and abnormal aging conditions, such as Parkinson's disease.
- Chronic health conditions: E.g., diabetes.
- Sensory impairments: Vision and balance issues.
- Environmental hazards: Pets, clutter, and uneven surfaces.
- Footwear choices.
- Cognitive decline: Impaired planning and maneuvering.
Sensory Changes
- Touch: Decreased vascularization and fewer Meissner's corpuscles lead to reduced sensitivity to light/deep touch, vibration, and pressure, increasing the risk of burns and injuries.
- Pain: Alterations in the peripheral nervous system may increase chronic pain incidence and underreporting of pain among older adults.
- Vision: Age-related deterioration includes long sightedness, macular degeneration, and cataracts, with a decrease in object tracking abilities due to muscle reduction.
- Hearing: Presbycusis is a common form of hearing loss caused by noise exposure and natural neural cell loss; challenges often arise in noisy settings and with higher frequencies.
Balance and Coordination
- Age-related cell death in inner ear nerves compromises balance, compounded by changes in visual and proprioceptive systems.
Systems Affected by Aging
- Integumentary (skin)
- Cardiovascular
- Respiratory
- Immune
- Neuromusculoskeletal
- Digestive
- Endocrine
- Genitourinary
Cognitive Changes Not Part of Normal Aging
- Symptoms indicating possible cognitive decline:
- Increased reliance on others for navigation.
- More effort required for spatial tasks.
- Difficulties in familiar activities and environments.
Executive Functions in Cognitive Domain
- Involves planning, decision-making, working memory, error correction, and mental flexibility.
- Objective assessments include:
- Planning tasks such as maze puzzles.
- Working memory tasks like repeating numbers backward.
- Feedback utilization models for error management.
Dementia Prevalence
- The prevalence of dementia doubles approximately every 5.1 years after age 60, with no notable gender differences.
- Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent, accounting for 60-70% of cases.
- Alzheimer's is more common in Europe and North America; vascular dementia rates are higher in Asian countries like China and Japan.
Dementia Rates in Specific Populations
- Dementia prevalence studies among Chinese populations range from 1.5% to 10.6%, influenced by study methodologies.
Role in Care Facilities
- In residential care homes or day care centers, around half of the workload involves caregiving for persons with dementia (PwD).
Common Forms of Dementia
- Alzheimer's disease is the leading form of dementia, with various assessments for functional deterioration used in care settings.
Assessment and Laboratory Investigations
- Common laboratory tests include complete blood picture, vitamin B12/folate levels, thyroid stimulating hormone, liver and kidney function tests, and fasting glucose.
- Physical examinations focus on balance and mobility, searching for signs of underlying conditions that may affect cognitive or physical health.
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Description
This quiz explores the patterns of behavior and risks associated with aging, particularly focusing on dementia signs and the likelihood of falls in older adults. Learn about the common misconceptions and factors influencing their safety and mobility.
