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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of agglutination tests like the Widal test?
What is the primary function of agglutination tests like the Widal test?
In the context of reverse passive agglutination tests, what is primarily used as the carrier?
In the context of reverse passive agglutination tests, what is primarily used as the carrier?
Which test utilizes charcoal to create visible aggregates for the detection of reagin in the patient's serum?
Which test utilizes charcoal to create visible aggregates for the detection of reagin in the patient's serum?
What distinguishes the ELISA method from other agglutination techniques?
What distinguishes the ELISA method from other agglutination techniques?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding flocculation techniques?
Which of the following statements is true regarding flocculation techniques?
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What is the primary principle of the agglutination test using CRP-specific serum?
What is the primary principle of the agglutination test using CRP-specific serum?
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In passive agglutination, what role does the IgG fraction play?
In passive agglutination, what role does the IgG fraction play?
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Which component is necessary for agglutination to occur in a CRP test?
Which component is necessary for agglutination to occur in a CRP test?
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What differentiates an agglutination test from a precipitation test?
What differentiates an agglutination test from a precipitation test?
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In which scenario would you expect to see a positive result in a rheumatoid factor agglutination test?
In which scenario would you expect to see a positive result in a rheumatoid factor agglutination test?
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Which of the following statements is true about the use of latex particles in testing?
Which of the following statements is true about the use of latex particles in testing?
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What is the expected result if gamma globulin is not bound to the antigen in passive agglutination?
What is the expected result if gamma globulin is not bound to the antigen in passive agglutination?
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In which condition is a precipitating test converted to an agglutinating test considered useful?
In which condition is a precipitating test converted to an agglutinating test considered useful?
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What is the primary characteristic of agglutination?
What is the primary characteristic of agglutination?
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Which type of agglutination involves naturally occurring antigens on the surface of carriers?
Which type of agglutination involves naturally occurring antigens on the surface of carriers?
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Which agglutination technique can provide quantitative results?
Which agglutination technique can provide quantitative results?
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What is a major advantage of performing agglutination tests?
What is a major advantage of performing agglutination tests?
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Passive agglutination differs from direct agglutination in that it involves which of the following?
Passive agglutination differs from direct agglutination in that it involves which of the following?
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In agglutination tests, reactions are typically described as:
In agglutination tests, reactions are typically described as:
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Which factor does NOT affect the agglutination test environment?
Which factor does NOT affect the agglutination test environment?
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Which of the following is NOT an application area of agglutination techniques?
Which of the following is NOT an application area of agglutination techniques?
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What is considered a semi-quantitative agglutination technique?
What is considered a semi-quantitative agglutination technique?
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Which type of agglutination involves antibodies attached to the surface of carriers?
Which type of agglutination involves antibodies attached to the surface of carriers?
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Study Notes
Agglutination
- A visible clumping of antigen-bearing cells, microorganisms, or particles in the presence of specific antibodies.
- Antibodies attached on the carrier can agglutinate in the presence of the antigen in the specimen.
- Particle/carriers may be red blood cells (hemagglutination), bacterial cells (bacterial agglutination), or inert particles such as latex (latex agglutination) or charcoal coated with antigen or antibody.
Agglutination Technique
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Platforms:
- Slide agglutination
- Tube agglutination
- Microwell
-
Detection:
- Qualitative (positive, negative)
- Semi-quantitative (titer)
- Quantitative (concentration)
-
Advantages:
- Easy to carry out
- No complicated equipment is needed
- Can be performed as needed (mostly commercially prepared)
- Available in pre-packaged kits with controls
- Reactions are QUALITATIVE, i.e., positive or negative
- Titers can be performed to give semi-quantitative results.
Types of Agglutination Techniques
- Direct Agglutination: Antigens on the surface of the carrier are naturally occurring (A antigen on RBC, bacterial antigen on its surface)
- Passive Agglutination: Antigens are passively/artificially attached on the surface of the carrier (RBC, latex)
- Reverse Passive Agglutination: Antibodies are passively attached to the surface of the carrier (latex, beads, RBC)
Flocculation
- Categorized as an agglutination technique with the use of charcoal as an inert particle.
- Allows naked-eye observation of the reaction instead of using a microscope (past technique).
- This technique is applied in tests for syphilis.
- Utilizes cardiolipin, lecithin, cholesterol (CLC) that reacts with reagin in the patient's serum.
- Charcoal produces visible aggregate due to limited space created by the interaction of CLC and reagin.
- Tests: VDRL, RPR.
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Description
This quiz covers the principles and techniques of agglutination in immunology, including hemagglutination and bacterial agglutination. Learn about the different platforms for agglutination, methods of detection, and the advantages of these techniques. Test your knowledge on qualitative and quantitative assessments in laboratory settings.
