88 Questions
Which layer of the skin contains connective tissue?
Dermis
Which layer of the skin contains subcutaneous fat?
Hypodermis
What are the age-related changes in the skin?
Thinning and loss of elasticity
What happens to the nails with aging?
They become harder and brittle
What contributes to the changes in the skin due to aging?
Environmental exposure to sun and wind
What happens to hair with aging?
It becomes thinner and grays
What are the age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system?
Decrease in stature and posture
What does muscle atrophy lead to with aging?
Reduced strength
What is the clinical significance of cardiovascular changes with aging?
Decreased responsiveness to pain
What are the age-related changes in the respiratory system?
Stiffening of trachea and rib cage
What are the two main types of theories of aging?
Stochastic Theories and Nonstochastic Theories
Which type of theories propose why the body functions in the physical way it does?
Biological Theories
Which theory suggests that each cell has a natural life expectancy and stops replicating after a set number of replications?
Nonstochastic Theory
Which of the following is a common age-related change in the digestive system?
Decreased peristalsis in the esophagus
Which of the following is a common age-related change in the urinary system?
Decreased bladder capacity
Which of the following is a common age-related change in the neurological system?
Decreased number of dendrites
What age-related change occurs in the immune system?
Immune function declines
Which of the following is a common age-related change in the immune system?
Decreased response to foreign antigens
Which system is the largest organ in the body?
Integumentary System
Which of the following is a risk factor for serious respiratory infections in older adults?
Decreased immune function
What are the three layers of the skin?
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
Which theory suggests that aging is caused by the accumulation of errors in DNA & RNA synthesis?
Stochastic Theory
Which of the following is a common age-related change in the digestive system?
Decreased peristalsis in the esophagus
Which theory suggests that aging is caused by the wear and tear on the body over time?
Wear and Tear Theory
Which of the following is a common age-related change in the neurological system?
Decreased number of dendrites
What age-related change occurs in the musculoskeletal system?
Bone density decreases
Which of the following is a common age-related change in the immune system?
Decreased response to foreign antigens
Which of the following is a risk factor for serious respiratory infections in older adults?
Decreased immune function
Which of the following is an example of a stochastic theory of aging?
Free Radical Theory
What is the main premise of nonstochastic theories of aging?
Each cell has a natural life expectancy
Which system in the body is the largest organ?
Integumentary System
What are the three layers of the skin?
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous Fat
Which theory suggests that aging is caused by the wear and tear on the body over time?
Wear and Tear Theory
What is the clinical significance of cardiovascular changes with aging?
Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases
Which theory proposes that the visible signs of aging, such as grey hair, are the result of the accumulation of errors in DNA & RNA synthesis?
Stochastic Theories
Which age-related change is commonly seen in the musculoskeletal system?
Muscle atrophy
Which age-related change is commonly seen in the immune system?
Decline in immune function
Which age-related change is commonly seen in the integumentary system?
Changes in the skin
Which of the following age-related changes contributes to urinary incontinence?
Decreased muscle tone in the bladder
Which of the following age-related changes affects absorption of protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals?
Changes in motility and surface area of the small bowel
Which of the following age-related changes leads to constipation?
Decreased muscle tone in the large bowel
Which of the following age-related changes affects balance and increases the risk of falls?
Decreased tactile awareness
Which of the following age-related changes is associated with a decreased ability to fight infection?
Decreased immune function
Which of the following age-related changes is associated with a more acidic environment in the stomach?
Decreased gastric motility
Which of the following age-related changes is associated with a decrease in brain size and weight?
Decreased dendrites
Which of the following age-related changes is associated with a decrease in neurotransmitter levels?
Decreased neurotransmitter levels
Which of the following age-related changes is associated with a decreased ability to react to stimuli?
Decreased nerve endings in the skin
Which of the following age-related changes is associated with a decreased ability to fight infection?
Decreased immune function
Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels and nerves?
Dermis
What age-related change occurs in the nails?
They become more brittle and develop ridges
What age-related change occurs in hair?
It becomes thinner and grays
What age-related change occurs in the cardiovascular system?
Enlargement of the left atrium
What age-related change occurs in the musculoskeletal system?
Decreased muscle strength
What age-related change occurs in the respiratory system?
Stiffening of the trachea and rib cage
What is the clinical significance of cardiovascular changes with aging?
They lead to rapid decompensation
What are the implications of age-related changes in the integumentary system?
Increased risk of skin infections
What are the age-related changes in the urinary system?
Decreased kidney function
What are the age-related changes in the immune system?
Decreased production of antibodies
Which of the following is a common age-related change in the digestive system?
Decreased thirst sensation
What is the recommended daily fluid intake for older adults?
1500 - 2000 mL
What is the most common type of urinary incontinence?
Urge incontinence
What are the negative health consequences of urinary incontinence?
Increased risk of falls and pressure ulcers
What are the measures to reduce urinary incontinence?
Scheduled voiding and bladder training
Why is it important to maintain fluid balance in older adults?
To prevent dehydration
What are the implications of age-related changes in the integumentary system?
Skin irritations and pressure ulcers
Which of the following is a leading indicator of health status in older adults?
Nutrition
Which of the following factors can impact the nutritional status of older adults?
All of the above
What is xerostomia?
A condition in which older adults have dry mouth
Approximately what percentage of men and women over 60 are edentulous (without natural teeth)?
22.3% of men and 21.1% of women
Which of the following is a recommended practice for promoting nutritional intake in older adults?
All of the above
What is dysphagia?
A condition in which older adults have difficulty swallowing
What is a recommended practice for preventing aspiration in persons with dysphagia?
All of the above
Which of the following is a measure to address urinary incontinence in community dwellers?
Encourage the older person to empty the bladder before, after meals, bedtime & whenever the need arises.
Which of the following is a risk factor for fecal incontinence?
Diabetes
Which of the following is a sleep hygiene recommendation?
Limit caffeine intake before bedtime.
What percentage of community dwellers experience fecal incontinence?
2-17%
What are the stages of sleep during the sleep structure?
Stage 1 - Lightest level, Stage 2 - Onset of sleep, Stage 3 & 4 - Deepest & most restorative, REM - 25% of sleep
What is the recommended amount of exercise for older adults per week?
150 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise
What is the prevalence of fecal incontinence in long-term care residents?
50-65%
Which of the following is a risk factor for fungal infections in older adults?
Obesity
Which of the following is a symptom of venous insufficiency?
Clear fluid weeping from tissue
What is the most appropriate intervention for a pressure ulcer that exposes muscle and bone?
Restoration of circulation through surgery
Which of the following is a symptom of arterial insufficiency?
Skin with a 'punched out' appearance
What is the main premise of nonstochastic theories of aging?
Aging is caused by the natural life expectancy of each cell
What are the two main types of theories of aging?
Stochastic and nonstochastic
Which age-related change is commonly seen in the integumentary system?
Changes in hair color and texture
Which of the following age-related changes affects absorption of nutrients?
Poor nutrition
What are the three layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Test your knowledge on common age-related changes and the biological theories of aging. Learn about stochastic and nonstochastic theories and how they provide insights into the aging process.
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