Podcast
Questions and Answers
What abnormality is characterized by yellow skin tones?
What abnormality is characterized by yellow skin tones?
What skin abnormality is described as a localized roughening and darkening of the skin?
What skin abnormality is described as a localized roughening and darkening of the skin?
What does early clubbing refer to?
What does early clubbing refer to?
Which abnormality results from a cardiopulmonary problem?
Which abnormality results from a cardiopulmonary problem?
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What is the general term for the loss of pigmentation seen in the skin?
What is the general term for the loss of pigmentation seen in the skin?
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Which layer of the epidermis contains melanin and undergoes cell division?
Which layer of the epidermis contains melanin and undergoes cell division?
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Which glands secrete an oily substance called sebum that lubricates hair and skin?
Which glands secrete an oily substance called sebum that lubricates hair and skin?
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What is the function of the erector pili muscles attached to hair follicles?
What is the function of the erector pili muscles attached to hair follicles?
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Which type of hair is generally longer, darker, and coarser?
Which type of hair is generally longer, darker, and coarser?
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What is the term used for the skin fold that covers the root of the nail?
What is the term used for the skin fold that covers the root of the nail?
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Which mnemonic is used to collect subjective data during a nursing health history?
Which mnemonic is used to collect subjective data during a nursing health history?
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Which skin condition is characterized by warty, crusty, pigmented lesions?
Which skin condition is characterized by warty, crusty, pigmented lesions?
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What is the term used for a localized collection of blood in the skin?
What is the term used for a localized collection of blood in the skin?
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Which nail disorder is associated with psoriasis?
Which nail disorder is associated with psoriasis?
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What is the first step in preparing a client for a physical examination?
What is the first step in preparing a client for a physical examination?
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Study Notes
Preparing the Client for Skin, Hair, and Nails Assessment
- Ask the client to remove all clothing and jewelry and put on an examination gown.
- Ensure the client's privacy and comfort.
- Make sure the room is at a comfortable temperature.
- Wash hands before the examination.
- Explain the procedure to the client.
- Wear gloves when palpating.
Equipments for Skin, Hair, and Nails Assessment
- Examination light
- Penlight
- Mirror for client's self-examination of the skin
- Magnifying glass
- Centimeter ruler
- Gloves
- Examination gown or drape
Skin Assessment
- Epidermis: the outer layer of the skin, composed of 4 layers (stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum).
- Dermis: the inner layer of the skin, connected to the epidermis by papillae.
- Sebaceous glands: develop from hair follicles, secrete sebum that lubricates hair and skin.
- Sweat glands: two types (eccrine and apocrine).
- Subcutaneous tissue: loose connective tissue containing fat cells, blood vessels, nerves, and sweat glands.
Abnormal Skin Findings
- Pallor: loss of color
- Cyanosis: makes white skin appear blue-tinged
- Central Cyanosis: results from a cardiopulmonary problem
- Peripheral Cyanosis: may be a local problem resulting from vasoconstriction
- Jaundice: characterized by yellow skin tones
- Acanthosis Nigricans: roughening and darkening of skin in localized areas
- Albinism: generalized loss of pigmentation
- Erythema: skin redness and warmth, seen in inflammation
- Early Clubbing: 180° angle with spongy sensation
- Late Clubbing:
Hair Assessment
- Consists of many layers of keratinized cells
- Develops within a sheath of epidermal cells called hair follicle
- Two types of hair: vellus hair (short, pale, and fine) and terminal hair (longer, generally darker, and coarser)
Nail Assessment
- Located on the distal phalanges of fingers and toes
- Hard, transparent plates of keratinized epidermal cells
- Grows from a root underneath the skin fold called the cuticle
Common Skin Variations
- Freckles: flat, small macules of pigment that appear following sun exposure
- Striae: stretch marks
- Scar: marks after healed wounds or lesions
- Vitiligo: benign acquired skin disease of unknown cause
- Seborrheic Keratosis: warty crusty pigmented lesions
- Mole: flat or raised tan/brownish marking
- Cutaneous Tags: raised small yellow papules with a depressed center
- Cherry Angiomas: small, raised red spots seen with aging
- Ulcer: skin loss extending past epidermis
- Crust: dried residue
- Keloid: hypertrophied scar tissue
- Petechiae: round or red purple macule
- Hematoma: a localized collection of blood
Common Nail Disorders
- Beau's Lines: acute illness
- Spoon Nails: from deficiency anemia/koilonychia
- Early Clubbing: oxygen deficiency
- Pitting: psoriasis
- Paronychia: local infection
COLDSPA Mnemonic
- C: Characteristics
- O: Onset
- L: Location
- D: Duration
- S: Severity
- P: Pattern
- A: Associated Factors
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Description
Learn about the layers of the skin, including the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis consists of the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, and stratum germinativum. The dermis is the inner layer of the skin connected to the epidermis by papillae.
