Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who emphasized the importance of bodily sensations for emotions?
Who emphasized the importance of bodily sensations for emotions?
- Wilhelm Wundt
- Reisenzein
- Lange
- James (correct)
What were the three basic dimensions of emotions recognized by Wilhelm Wundt?
What were the three basic dimensions of emotions recognized by Wilhelm Wundt?
- Pleasure-displeasure, tension-relaxation, and arousal-calmness (correct)
- Excitement-boredom, stress-relief, and alertness-drowsiness
- Love-hate, anxiety-tranquility, and energy-fatigue
- Happiness-sadness, anger-calmness, and fear-bravery
When did research on emotions become acceptable and flourished again?
When did research on emotions become acceptable and flourished again?
- In the 1970s
- In the 1960s
- In the 1990s
- In the 1980s (correct)
Who created a theory of emotions that recognized three basic dimensions?
Who created a theory of emotions that recognized three basic dimensions?
What did subsequent research show about peripheral physiological states and emotional experiences?
What did subsequent research show about peripheral physiological states and emotional experiences?
During which period did research on emotions cease?
During which period did research on emotions cease?
What is affect?
What is affect?
How were affects classified in the 1980s?
How were affects classified in the 1980s?
What did an influential article integrate into a single model?
What did an influential article integrate into a single model?
What is favored by affect researchers according to the text?
What is favored by affect researchers according to the text?
What does some research suggest about activation systems?
What does some research suggest about activation systems?
'Euphoria' requires what state of activation according to the text?
'Euphoria' requires what state of activation according to the text?
What does energetic arousal show according to the text?
What does energetic arousal show according to the text?
What does tense arousal respond to according to the text?
What does tense arousal respond to according to the text?
According to emotion researchers, what can't emotions be reduced to?
According to emotion researchers, what can't emotions be reduced to?
What do basic emotions widely considered include?
What do basic emotions widely considered include?
What do basic emotions reflect according to the text?
What do basic emotions reflect according to the text?
What does understanding affect involve according to the text?
What does understanding affect involve according to the text?
What does a meta-analysis suggest about the relationship between extraversion and positive affect?
What does a meta-analysis suggest about the relationship between extraversion and positive affect?
What did one study in Germany fail to find after controlling for response styles?
What did one study in Germany fail to find after controlling for response styles?
What did 40 years of research suggest about the relationship between extraversion and individuals' positive mood states?
What did 40 years of research suggest about the relationship between extraversion and individuals' positive mood states?
What are the most pleasurable activities based on a research study?
What are the most pleasurable activities based on a research study?
What is the reason for the likely small to moderate influence of extraversion on individuals' positive affect?
What is the reason for the likely small to moderate influence of extraversion on individuals' positive affect?
What does the text suggest about introverts' ability to feel happy?
What does the text suggest about introverts' ability to feel happy?
What did Lykken & Tellegen emphasize regarding the strength of the relationship between extraversion and positive affect?
What did Lykken & Tellegen emphasize regarding the strength of the relationship between extraversion and positive affect?
What did one way of studying the influence of situations on positive affect involve according to the text?
What did one way of studying the influence of situations on positive affect involve according to the text?
What does the text suggest about the support for the idea that extraverts react more strongly to positive stimuli?
What does the text suggest about the support for the idea that extraverts react more strongly to positive stimuli?
What did Watson and Tellgen propose to change the names of their dimensions to in 1999?
What did Watson and Tellgen propose to change the names of their dimensions to in 1999?
What is considered to be high PA and low NA according to the PA-NA model?
What is considered to be high PA and low NA according to the PA-NA model?
What are the basic dimensions of momentary states supposed to correspond to?
What are the basic dimensions of momentary states supposed to correspond to?
What is often misunderstood to imply that they are independent experiences according to the text?
What is often misunderstood to imply that they are independent experiences according to the text?
"High PA is limited to being lively and excited" according to the text. What state is considered unrelated to high PA?
"High PA is limited to being lively and excited" according to the text. What state is considered unrelated to high PA?
"Instead it is supposed to reflect very low levels of NA." What does 'it' refer to in this context?
"Instead it is supposed to reflect very low levels of NA." What does 'it' refer to in this context?
What might have been a better solution according to the text?
What might have been a better solution according to the text?
What did personality psychologists favor because it seemed to align well with their findings?
What did personality psychologists favor because it seemed to align well with their findings?
What did neuroticism relate to according to personality psychology findings?
What did neuroticism relate to according to personality psychology findings?
What did extraversion relate to according to personality psychology findings?
What did extraversion relate to according to personality psychology findings?
What does the affect-level model suggest about extraverts and positive emotions?
What does the affect-level model suggest about extraverts and positive emotions?
What is a facet of extraversion indicating a strong link between extraversion and positive affective experiences?
What is a facet of extraversion indicating a strong link between extraversion and positive affective experiences?
What does the empirical evidence challenge according to the text?
What does the empirical evidence challenge according to the text?
What does the person-situation correlation theory suggest about extraverts and positive feelings?
What does the person-situation correlation theory suggest about extraverts and positive feelings?
What does the affect reactivity model propose about how extraverts influence affective experiences?
What does the affect reactivity model propose about how extraverts influence affective experiences?
What does neuroticism associate with according to the text?
What does neuroticism associate with according to the text?
What does the person-situation correlation theory suggest about extraverts and negative emotions?
What does the person-situation correlation theory suggest about extraverts and negative emotions?
What is challenged by empirical evidence according to the text?
What is challenged by empirical evidence according to the text?
What does dispositional cheerfulness indicate according to the text?
What does dispositional cheerfulness indicate according to the text?
What does the affect-level model propose about how extraversion influences affective experiences?
What does the affect-level model propose about how extraversion influences affective experiences?
What is one main problem with defining a happy life as a life with the maximum amount of pleasure and the minimum amount of displeasure?
What is one main problem with defining a happy life as a life with the maximum amount of pleasure and the minimum amount of displeasure?
How do modern theories of well-being define well-being?
How do modern theories of well-being define well-being?
What approach to measuring well-being and happiness goes back to old philosophical theories of well-being?
What approach to measuring well-being and happiness goes back to old philosophical theories of well-being?
What do researchers ask participants to evaluate in order to measure subjective well-being?
What do researchers ask participants to evaluate in order to measure subjective well-being?
What did personality psychologists need valid measures of in order to examine why some individuals are happier with their lives than others?
What did personality psychologists need valid measures of in order to examine why some individuals are happier with their lives than others?
What is one approach to measuring well-being and happiness that philosophers have debated about?
What is one approach to measuring well-being and happiness that philosophers have debated about?
What do modern theories of well-being aim to avoid, which was identified as a problem with an older definition?
What do modern theories of well-being aim to avoid, which was identified as a problem with an older definition?
What is one reason why there is variation in how happy individuals are, according to the text?
What is one reason why there is variation in how happy individuals are, according to the text?
What do many contemporary philosophers disagree about regarding defining a happy life?
What do many contemporary philosophers disagree about regarding defining a happy life?
What do modern theories of well-being define as a comparison between, according to the text?
What do modern theories of well-being define as a comparison between, according to the text?
What did Finley and Schmeichel find about neuroticism as a predictor of responses to neutral and negative pictures?
What did Finley and Schmeichel find about neuroticism as a predictor of responses to neutral and negative pictures?
What did Leger, Charles, Turiano, & Almeida's study show about neuroticism?
What did Leger, Charles, Turiano, & Almeida's study show about neuroticism?
What does the affect-reactivity model propose about neuroticism?
What does the affect-reactivity model propose about neuroticism?
What is the empirical question regarding neuroticism and negative affect?
What is the empirical question regarding neuroticism and negative affect?
What did the study by Finley and Schmeichel find about the relationship between neuroticism and responses to emotional pictures?
What did the study by Finley and Schmeichel find about the relationship between neuroticism and responses to emotional pictures?
What did the study with real-life stressors show about neuroticism?
What did the study with real-life stressors show about neuroticism?
What is the relationship between neuroticism and negative affects?
What is the relationship between neuroticism and negative affects?
What may benefit neurotic individuals experiencing severe stress?
What may benefit neurotic individuals experiencing severe stress?
What poses a challenge for evolutionary theories of personality?
What poses a challenge for evolutionary theories of personality?
Why may high levels of neuroticism have been more adaptive in past environments with more dangers?
Why may high levels of neuroticism have been more adaptive in past environments with more dangers?
What does the trait of Affect Intensity measure?
What does the trait of Affect Intensity measure?
What does well-being often refer to?
What does well-being often refer to?
What influences emotions according to the text?
What influences emotions according to the text?
What varies among individuals according to the text?
What varies among individuals according to the text?
What is subjective well-being based on according to the text?
What is subjective well-being based on according to the text?
What does understanding individual differences in affective experiences involve according to the text?
What does understanding individual differences in affective experiences involve according to the text?
What do twin studies suggest about the variance in happiness?
What do twin studies suggest about the variance in happiness?
Which personality traits strongly influence well-being according to the text?
Which personality traits strongly influence well-being according to the text?
What does the affect-as-mediator model explain?
What does the affect-as-mediator model explain?
What does longitudinal studies suggest about heritability of individual differences in well-being?
What does longitudinal studies suggest about heritability of individual differences in well-being?
What does the correlation between hedonic balance and well-being indicate?
What does the correlation between hedonic balance and well-being indicate?
What did Suh, Diener, Oishi, and Triandis (1998) propose regarding the importance of affect for well-being?
What did Suh, Diener, Oishi, and Triandis (1998) propose regarding the importance of affect for well-being?
What did Schimmack et al. (2002) suggest regarding the relationship between culture and personality in influencing life-satisfaction?
What did Schimmack et al. (2002) suggest regarding the relationship between culture and personality in influencing life-satisfaction?
What did the study with student samples from the US, Germany, Japan, Mexico, and Ghana support?
What did the study with student samples from the US, Germany, Japan, Mexico, and Ghana support?
What does the third figure combining the mediator and moderator models predict?
What does the third figure combining the mediator and moderator models predict?
What was found about hedonic balance as a predictor of life-satisfaction in individualistic cultures versus collectivistic cultures?
What was found about hedonic balance as a predictor of life-satisfaction in individualistic cultures versus collectivistic cultures?
What is the main implication of the mediator model?
What is the main implication of the mediator model?
What is the correlation between median household income and average life-satisfaction of citizens?
What is the correlation between median household income and average life-satisfaction of citizens?
Which nation barely makes it into the top 20 happiest nations according to the text?
Which nation barely makes it into the top 20 happiest nations according to the text?
What is a better measure of wealth according to the text?
What is a better measure of wealth according to the text?
What does the World Happiness Report 2020 provide for over 150 nations?
What does the World Happiness Report 2020 provide for over 150 nations?
What does the strong correlation between the wealth of nations and citizens well-being imply according to the text?
What does the strong correlation between the wealth of nations and citizens well-being imply according to the text?
"Some nominally wealthy nations like Singapore do not have very happy citizens because economic measures of wealth can be distorted by" what according to the text?
"Some nominally wealthy nations like Singapore do not have very happy citizens because economic measures of wealth can be distorted by" what according to the text?
What does the World Happiness Report 2020 provide regarding national averages?
What does the World Happiness Report 2020 provide regarding national averages?
What does the correlation between national differences in wealth and individuals' well-being account for according to the text?
What does the correlation between national differences in wealth and individuals' well-being account for according to the text?
What is used to create a world map of happiness according to the text?
What is used to create a world map of happiness according to the text?
What do social scientists receive major funding for according to the text?
What do social scientists receive major funding for according to the text?
Which facet of neuroticism makes a unique contribution to the prediction of life-satisfaction?
Which facet of neuroticism makes a unique contribution to the prediction of life-satisfaction?
Which facet of extraversion is most directly related to affective experiences?
Which facet of extraversion is most directly related to affective experiences?
Why are anger and anxiety correlated with life-satisfaction according to the text?
Why are anger and anxiety correlated with life-satisfaction according to the text?
What is one possible explanation for why anger and anxiety are correlated with life-satisfaction?
What is one possible explanation for why anger and anxiety are correlated with life-satisfaction?
What does sadness signal according to the text?
What does sadness signal according to the text?
What is the relevance of higher activity levels, assertiveness, or a need for excitement in relation to well-being according to the text?
What is the relevance of higher activity levels, assertiveness, or a need for excitement in relation to well-being according to the text?
What does the text suggest about test anxiety and its direct link to well-being?
What does the text suggest about test anxiety and its direct link to well-being?
What did an influential article by Brickman, Coates, and Janoff-Bulman in 1978 compare?
What did an influential article by Brickman, Coates, and Janoff-Bulman in 1978 compare?
What did longitudinal studies with large representative samples confirm about the effects of certain life events on well-being?
What did longitudinal studies with large representative samples confirm about the effects of certain life events on well-being?
What did the study by Brickman, Coates, and Janoff-Bulman in 1978 reveal about the well-being of lottery winners compared to average Americans and paraplegics?
What did the study by Brickman, Coates, and Janoff-Bulman in 1978 reveal about the well-being of lottery winners compared to average Americans and paraplegics?
What did longitudinal studies reveal about the assumption that individuals quickly get used to changes in their lives?
What did longitudinal studies reveal about the assumption that individuals quickly get used to changes in their lives?
What was one major problem with the study by Brickman, Coates, and Janoff-Bulman in 1978?
What was one major problem with the study by Brickman, Coates, and Janoff-Bulman in 1978?
'Contrary to this claim' refers to which idea in the text?
'Contrary to this claim' refers to which idea in the text?
What does the New York Times article reveal about Philip Brickman?
What does the New York Times article reveal about Philip Brickman?
What did longitudinal studies confirm about the effects of certain life events on well-being?
What did longitudinal studies confirm about the effects of certain life events on well-being?
What did longitudinal studies reveal about getting used to changes in life circumstances?
What did longitudinal studies reveal about getting used to changes in life circumstances?
Study Notes
Understanding Affect and Emotions
- Affect is a broader term that encompasses both emotions and moods.
- Two models emerged in the 1980s to classify affects: one based on valence and activation dimensions, and the other based on positive and negative affects.
- An influential article integrated the two models into a single model, showing valence and activation as the primary dimensions.
- Affect researchers disagreed on the basic dimensions that create the two-dimensional structure, similar to the concept of a color wheel.
- The valence-activation model is favored by affect researchers, suggesting that some affects are basic and others are mixtures of basic affects.
- Basic affects like happiness can occur with different levels of activation, while euphoria requires a high state of activation.
- Some research suggests two, if not more, activation systems called energetic arousal and tense arousal, which may indicate a three-dimensional model of affect.
- Energetic arousal shows a circadian rhythm, increasing after waking up and decreasing over the day, while tense arousal responds to stressful situations.
- Emotions cannot be reduced to valence and activation dimensions, as emotion researchers have identified basic emotions with specific facial expressions and associated action tendencies.
- The basic emotions widely considered include happiness, sadness, fear/anxiety, and anger.
- These basic emotions reflect specific responses to events and are associated with distinct facial expressions.
- Understanding affect and emotions involves considering valence, activation, basic emotions, and their associated action tendencies and facial expressions.
Extraversion and Affective Experiences
- Extraversion is linked to higher levels of energetic arousal and activity
- Neuroticism is associated with tense arousal and easily stressing out
- Positive and negative affects are not independent, individuals experiencing more positive emotions tend to experience fewer negative emotions
- Dispositional cheerfulness is a facet of extraversion, indicating a strong link between extraversion and positive affective experiences
- Two competing models explaining how extraversion influences affective experiences: affect-level model and affect reactivity model
- Affect-level model suggests that extraverts are more cheerful due to biological processes, such as serotonin levels
- Affect reactivity model proposes that extraverts respond more intensely to rewarding situations
- Empirical evidence challenges the affect reactivity model, showing that extraverts do not experience more positive feelings because they respond more strongly to positive stimuli
- Person-situation correlation theory suggests that extraverts experience more positive feelings due to spending more time in social situations
- A direct link from extraversion to positive affects is also likely, as predicted by the affect-level model
- Positive affect shows high cross-situational consistency, supporting the affect-level model
- Extraversion predicts higher positive affect over long time-intervals
Neuroticism, Emotional Intensity, and Well-Being
- Neuroticism is linked to individuals' levels of negative affects and predicts negative feelings over long periods of time
- The relationship between neuroticism and negative affects is stronger than the relationship between extraversion and positive affects
- Neurotic individuals experiencing severe stress may benefit from psychotherapy, mood regulation techniques, or medical interventions
- The stable and heritable disposition of neuroticism poses a challenge for evolutionary theories of personality
- High levels of neuroticism may have been more adaptive in past environments with more dangers
- Neuroticism may not have been selected against due to its potential lack of impact on survival or reproduction
- There are no reliable findings that neuroticism has positive effects on health
- The acceptance of neuroticism as a part of oneself is proposed as a way to deal with high neuroticism
- The trait of Affect Intensity, which measures affect reactivity, is also important in understanding individual differences in affective experiences
- Emotions are elicited by appraisals of events with regards to our well-being and are influenced by the importance attached to goals
- Emotional intensity varies among individuals, with some attaching more importance to their goals and experiencing more intense pleasure and displeasure
- Well-being is often used synonymously with happiness, and subjective well-being is based on the idea that individuals can have different ideas for their lives
Factors Affecting Well-Being and Happiness
- Acculturation studies show that national differences in well-being reflect environmental and cultural factors.
- South Asian Canadians are just as happy as European Canadians and much happier than South Asians in Asia.
- Most immigrants to Canada are happier than in their home countries.
- Global citizens are aware of how their country compares to others, leading to attempts to leave less happy nations.
- Conflicts due to differences in well-being now play out on a global stage.
- Twin studies show that about 40% of the variance in happiness is explained by genetic differences.
- The shared family environment seems to play a relatively small role in adult well-being.
- Longitudinal studies suggest that about 50% of the variance in individual differences in well-being is heritable and stable.
- The Big Five personality traits, especially neuroticism and extraversion, strongly influence well-being.
- The affect-as-mediator model explains how personality traits influence well-being through affective experiences.
- The influence of personality traits on well-being is indirect, mediated by affective experiences.
- The correlation between hedonic balance and well-being is not 1, indicating that other criteria besides emotional experiences also influence well-being.
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Description
Test your knowledge of affect and well-being in psychology with this quiz. Explore the history of emotions as a prominent topic in psychology and learn about the theories of emotions proposed by Wilhelm Wundt, James, and Lange.
