Advanced Python Quiz for 11th Grade

Primitive Data Types, Rules, & Hierarchy

• Primitive data types include int, double, char, boolean, and more.
• Hierarchy determines how data types are treated during operations, with casting required between incompatible types.
• Casting can be implicit (widening) or explicit (narrowing), depending on type compatibility.

ASCII

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) encodes characters into numerical values.
• Each character (e.g., letters, digits, symbols) corresponds to a unique integer from 0 to 127.
• ASCII is essential for character manipulation and representation in programming.

Arithmetic & Increment/Decrement Operators

• Standard arithmetic operators include +, -, *, /, and % (modulus).
• Increment (++) and decrement (--) operators modify the value of a variable by one.
• Operator precedence dictates the order of evaluation in expressions, with multiplication/division taking precedence over addition/subtraction.

Casting and Parsing

• Casting converts one data type to another and is crucial for performing operations on mixed types.
• Parsing is extracting numerical values from strings, often used with methods like Integer.parseInt() and Double.parseDouble().

References (Variables)

• Variables hold data references rather than the data itself for non-primitive types.
• Reference types include classes and arrays, impacting memory efficiency and manipulation capabilities.

Scanner Class and Its Methods

• Scanner class facilitates input from various sources, including user input from the console.
• Key methods include nextLine(), nextInt(), and nextDouble(), with appropriate error handling for invalid inputs.

Escape Sequences

• Escape sequences enable special character representation in strings, such as \n (newline) and \t (tab).
• Useful for formatting outputs and controlling flow in string handling.

String Class and Its Methods

• Strings are immutable objects that represent sequences of characters.
• Common methods include length(), charAt(index), substring(start, end), indexOf(char), and toUpperCase().

Math Class and Its Methods

• Math class provides static methods for mathematical operations, including sqrt(), pow(), and random().
• Useful constants include Math.PI and Math.E for calculations involving circles and natural logarithms.

Random Class and Its Methods

• Random class generates pseudo-random numbers, allowing controlled randomness in applications.
• Key methods include nextInt(), nextDouble(), and nextBoolean(), with seeding capabilities for reproducibility.

Loops, Accumulators, Incrementors

• Loops (for, while, do-while) enable repeated execution of code blocks.
• Accumulators store cumulative totals, while incrementors facilitate variable updates within loops.

Conditional Statements

• Conditional statements (if-then-else, switch) guide program flow based on logical evaluations.
• Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT) combine conditions to form complex decision-making structures.

Arrays: Declaring, Traversing, Populating

• Arrays store multiple values of the same type, with zero-based indexing.
• Declaration uses the syntax type[] arrayName = new type[size].
• Traversing arrays typically involves loops for accessing or modifying each element.

Objects: Declaration, Scope, Fields, References, Equality

• Objects are instances of classes that encapsulate data and behavior.
• Scope determines where an object can be accessed based on its declaration context.
• Equality checks utilize equals() method, while reference checks may use == operator.

Object Methods: Signature Lines, Constructors, Accessors, Mutators

• Signature lines define method names, parameters, and return types.
• Constructors initialize new objects and may be overloaded to allow different instantiation methods.
• Accessor methods retrieve field values, while mutator methods modify them.

Static and Non-Static Methods

• Static methods belong to the class itself rather than any instance, called using the class name.
• Non-static methods require an instance of the class to be invoked, allowing access to instance variables.

Exception Types (Errors)

• Exceptions are runtime errors that disrupt normal program flow, classified into checked and unchecked exceptions.
• Proper handling using try-catch blocks prevents program crashes and enhances user experience.