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Questions and Answers
What is defined as the introduction of any foreign substance into motor spirit or high speed diesel illegally?
Which of the following acts is considered a malpractice in relation to motor spirit and high speed diesel?
In the sampling process, what should be done with the second sample collected by the authorized officer?
Who is authorized to draw fuel samples for compliance checks under the Essential Commodities Act?
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What is NOT an allowed container type for drawing fuel samples?
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Which of the following acts is NOT included as a malpractice concerning motor spirit and high speed diesel?
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What must authorized officers ensure during the sampling of petroleum products?
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What is the maximum volume of each sample that should be collected during the sampling process?
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What is the typical smoke point range for standard Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF)?
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Which property is NOT governed by IS 1459/1974 for kerosene?
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What is the maximum allowable percentage of aromatics by volume in ATF?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of distillate fuel oils?
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At what boiling range does kerosene typically fall?
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What are the major components found in kerosene?
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Which of the following treatments are kerosene and distillate fuels primarily subjected to?
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What is the typical density range for standard kerosene at 15°C?
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What is the primary type of kerosene used to manufacture Aviation Turbine Fuels (ATF)?
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Which characteristic is not typically measured according to IS: 1571 for Aviation Turbine Fuels?
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What is the acceptable density range of a standard ATF-Kerosene at 15°C?
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For what purpose does the Forensic Science Laboratory typically receive ATF samples?
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At what temperature should all components of the Aviation Turbine Fuel sample ideally distill below during testing?
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What is the flash point temperature range for a standard ATF according to IS 1448 methods?
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Which method is universally accepted for measuring the kinematic viscosity of a fluid?
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What is a key property that determines the volatility characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels?
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Study Notes
Adulteration
- Adulteration is the illegal introduction of foreign substances into motor spirit or high-speed diesel.
- Adulteration is considered a malpractice under The Motor Spirit and High Speed Diesel (Prevention of Malpractices in Supply and Distribution) Order 1993, as defined by Section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act (E.C. Act) (Central Act 10 of 1955).
- Other malpractices include Pilferage, Stock variation, Unauthorized exchange, Unauthorized purchase, and Unauthorized sale.
Sampling
- The Sample Drawing Authority (EC ACT 1955) authorizes officers to draw samples of petroleum products.
- Samples are taken from tanks, nozzles, vehicles, or receptacles to check if the density of the product meets the requirements listed in the Schedule of the EC ACT 1955.
- Three samples of 1 litre each are taken: one for the dealer, one for the concerned department, and one for laboratory analysis.
- Samples are taken in clean glass or aluminum containers. Plastic containers are not allowed.
Testing
- To test for adulteration, the sample is burned in a Smoke Point lamp and the maximum flame height without smoking is measured.
- The Smoke point of a typical standard ATF is 20 mm to 25mm.
- The authorized officer shall send the third sample to the laboratories within 10 days.
- Forensic Science Laboratories in Central/States/UTs are authorized for testing petroleum product samples under Schedule III of Clause 8(5) of the EC Act 1955.
Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF)
- ATF is primarily manufactured from straight-run kerosene or kerosene/naphtha blends obtained from the atmospheric distillation of crude oil.
- Previously, ATF was made from straight-run kerosene produced from thermally cracking or catalytic cracked stocks, but these fuels did not meet IS specifications.
- ATF uses the following characteristics in its manufacturing process:
- Chemical composition
- Volatility, including distillation and flash point
- Density
- Smoke point
- Freezing point
Kerosene
- Kerosene is a blend of Paraffins, Naphthenes, and Aromatics with Paraffins and Naphthenes as the major components and Aromatics as the minor components.
- There are two types of kerosene:
- Regular: Kerosene - Colorless
- Public Distribution Supply (PDS): Blue dyed Kerosene
- The most important characteristics are:
- Distillation
- Color
- Flash point
- Smoke point
- Burning quality
- A typical standard Kerosene density (gm/cm3) at 15C is 0.78 – 0.82.
GC-DHA Method
- The GC-DHA method provides a detailed profile of the hydrocarbon composition of ATF.
- It is used to determine the quality of the fuel.
- The maximum allowable aromatics for ATF are 22% by volume and 5% by volume for olefins.
Density
- Density is the density (gm/cm3) at 15ï‚°C.
- For Kerosene: 0.78 – 0.82
- For ATF: 0.775 – 0.830
Distillation
- Distillation indicates the volatility characteristics of the fuel.
- Distillation characteristics are tested using the following methods:
- Non-fractionating type ASTM – Manual
- Non-fractionating type ASTM – Automatic
- The distillation range for ATF is 150ï‚°C to 240ï‚°C.
- The entire sample should distill below 300ï‚°C.
Flash Point
- The flash point is the temperature at which a fuel ignites when exposed to an external ignition source.
- The flash point for standard ATF is 40ï‚°C -- 45ï‚°C.
Viscosity
- Viscosity is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
- Kinematic viscosity is a measure of resistance to gravity flow.
- Different units of viscosity are in use, based on the time it takes for a specific measured quantity of oil to flow in a standard apparatus at a fixed temperature.
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of adulteration in petroleum products as defined under the Motor Spirit and High Speed Diesel (Prevention of Malpractices) Order 1993. It also explores the procedures for sampling these products as authorized by the Essential Commodities Act of 1955. Test your knowledge on these important regulations and practices.
