41 Questions
What is the age range of adolescents?
10-19 years
All adolescents are designated as 'children'.
True
What is the term for the first menstrual bleeding in females?
Menarche
During puberty, adolescents experience a significant _______________ in height and weight.
growth spurt
Match the following changes that occur during puberty with their descriptions:
Growth spurt = A significant increase in height and weight Changes in body composition = Changes in the proportion of fat and lean body mass Changes in bone mass = Increase in bone density and strength
What influences the energy needs of adolescents?
All of the above
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for adolescents.
False
Why is nutritional intake crucial during adolescence?
To support rapid growth and development, and to prevent nutrient deficiencies that may hamper growth, health, and academic performance.
During adolescence, there is a significant increase in ______________________ and weight.
height
Match the following factors with their effect on energy needs:
Activity level = Increases energy needs Basal metabolic rate = Influences energy needs Pubertal growth and development = Increases energy needs Weight status = Influences energy needs
Why is eating a variety of foods important for adolescents?
All of the above
Malnutrition can hamper academic performance.
True
What is the importance of practicing healthy eating behavior during adolescence?
To meet nutritional needs and support optimal growth and development.
The Malaysian Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents was established in ______________________.
2013
What is the purpose of using the WHO Growth Reference Data (2007) chart for adolescents?
To monitor the growth of adolescents
According to WHO Growth Reference Data (2007), a BMI of 25 kg/m2 at 19 years is equivalent to obesity.
False
What is the term for a BMI of >+1SD in adolescents?
Overweight
The WHO Growth Reference Data (2007) is a reconstruction of the _______________ reference.
1977 National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS/WHO)
What is the equivalent BMI of thinness at 19 years according to WHO Growth Reference Data (2007)?
30 kg/m2
The WHO Growth Reference Data (2007) is used to monitor the growth of children under 5 years old.
False
What is the term for a BMI of >+2SD in adolescents?
Obesity
The WHO Growth Reference Data (2007) is supplemented with _______________ growth standard.
WHO child
What is a common factor that affects eating behaviors among adolescents?
Peer influence
Skipping breakfast is a common healthy eating behavior among adolescents.
False
What are some common unhealthy eating behaviors among adolescents?
Breakfast skipping, meal skipping, snacking, frequent consumption of foods high in fat and sugar, and inadequate consumption of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.
Unhealthy eating behaviors among adolescents can lead to an increased risk of inadequate intake of ______________________ and fiber.
calcium
What is a common consequence of frequent consumption of foods high in fat and sugar among adolescents?
Weight gain
Eating habits among teenagers in Malaysia are generally good.
False
What are some factors that influence dietary behavior among adolescents?
Peer influence, parental modeling, food availability, preferences, and cost, personal and cultural beliefs, mass media, and body image.
Unhealthy eating behaviors among adolescents can lead to an increased risk of inadequate intake of ______________________ and iron among females.
vitamin A and vitamin E
Match the following unhealthy eating behaviors among adolescents with their consequences:
Breakfast skipping = Increased risk of weight gain Meal skipping = Inadequate nutrient intake Snacking = Weight gain and increased risk of chronic diseases Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables = Increased risk of inadequate nutrient intake
What percentage of teenagers skip meals, especially breakfast?
47.4%
Adolescents who are overweight are less likely to develop non-communicable diseases at a younger age.
False
What is the fundamental cause of overweight and obesity?
An energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended.
A global shift in diet towards an increase in intake of energy-dense foods that are high in _______________ but low in vitamins, minerals and other healthy micronutrients.
fat and sugars
Match the following health risks associated with childhood obesity with their descriptions:
Premature death = Higher chance of dying early in adulthood Disability in adulthood = Higher chance of developing non-communicable diseases at a younger age Non-communicable diseases = Higher chance of staying obese into adulthood
What percentage of adolescents eat snacks daily?
50%
All adolescents who are overweight will develop non-communicable diseases at a younger age.
False
What is the typical frequency of eating at a western fast food restaurant for adolescents?
Once a week
Overweight and obese children are more likely to stay obese into _______________.
adulthood
How many meals do typical adolescents eat per day?
3-4
Study Notes
Adolescent Nutrition, Growth, and Development
- Adolescents are defined as young people between 10-19 years old.
Learning Outcomes
- Describe growth and development during puberty, including:
- Achieving sexual maturity and menarche
- Experiencing a growth spurt
- Changes in body composition
- Changes in bone mass
Adolescent Nutrition, Growth, and Development
- Adolescents are defined as young people between 10-19 years old.
Learning Outcomes
- Describe growth and development during puberty, including:
- Achieving sexual maturity and menarche
- Experiencing a growth spurt
- Changes in body composition
- Changes in bone mass
Adolescent Nutrition, Growth, and Development
- Adolescence is a period of rapid growth and development, requiring high nutritional needs to achieve optimal growth and development.
Energy and Nutrient Requirements
- Adolescents have higher caloric needs than females due to increases in height, weight, and lean body mass (LBM), and higher basal metabolic rate (BMR).
- Energy needs are influenced by:
- Activity level
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- Pubertal growth and development
- Weight status
Eating a Variety of Foods
- Eating a variety of foods within the recommended intake is essential to meet nutritional needs.
- Ensure variety in each food group and vary the food choices in the same group as they are interchangeable.
Attaining Healthy Weight for Optimum Growth
- Key recommendations:
- Monitor the growth of adolescents using WHO (2007) reference for children 5 to 19 years old chart.
- WHO Growth Reference Data (2007) is a reconstruction of the 1977 National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS/WHO) reference supplemented with WHO child growth standard.
- Cut-offs:
- Overweight: >+1SD (equivalent to BMI 25 kg/m2 at 19 years)
- Obesity: >+2SD (equivalent to BMI 30 kg/m2 at 19 years)
- Thinness: <-2SD (equivalent to BMI 18.5 kg/m2 at 19 years)
Malaysian Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents (2013)
- Exclusive breastfeeding for babies is recommended.
- Nutrient deficiencies may hamper growth, health, and academic performance.
Factors Affecting Eating Behaviors among Adolescents
- Peer influence, parental modeling, food availability, preferences, and cost affect eating behaviors
- Personal and cultural beliefs, mass media, and body image also influence eating behaviors
Unhealthy Eating Behaviors among Adolescents
- Breakfast skipping is an indicator of risk to weight gain, increased snacking, lunch skipping, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity
- Meal skipping leads to restriction of calories and essential nutrients, increasing the risk of inadequate nutrient intake
- Snacking on unhealthy foods high in calorie, fats, sodium, and sugars may lead to weight gain
- Frequent consumption of foods high in fat and sugar, such as fast foods and soft drinks, may lead to weight gain if activity is low
Inadequate Consumption of Essential Nutrients
- Inadequate consumption of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products increases the risk of inadequate nutrient intake, especially calcium and fiber
- Inadequate intake of vitamin A, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, and iron (especially in females)
Eating Habits among Teenagers in Malaysia
- Two-thirds of teenagers skip meals, especially breakfast (47.4%), and 50% snack in between meals daily
- Typical adolescent eats 3-4 meals a day, eats at a western fast food restaurant once a week, drinks sweetened drinks 2-5 times a week, and snacks 3-5 times a week
Childhood Obesity
- Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of premature death and disability in adulthood
- Overweight and obese children are more likely to stay obese into adulthood and develop non-communicable diseases at a younger age
- The fundamental cause of overweight and obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended
- Contributors to adolescent overweight include a global shift in diet towards increased intake of energy-dense foods high in fat and sugars but low in vitamins, minerals, and other healthy micronutrients
Explore the physical changes that occur during puberty, including growth spurts, body composition, and bone mass development. Learn about the nutrition needs of adolescents between 10-19 years old.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
