2020 Lifespan Nutrition Adolescent III PDF

Adolescent Nutrition, Growth and Development Dr. Megan Chong Hueh Zan Division of Nutrition & Dietetics International Medical University  Learning Outcomes After this lecture, students would be able to: Discuss dietary behavior and nutritional issues concerning adolescents Factor...

Adolescent Nutrition, Growth and Development Dr. Megan Chong Hueh Zan Division of Nutrition & Dietetics International Medical University  Learning Outcomes After this lecture, students would be able to: Discuss dietary behavior and nutritional issues concerning adolescents Factors affecting eating behaviors among adolescents Factors affecting eating behaviors (Forthing Haddad, 1996; Spear 1996). oPeer influence oParental modeling oFood availability, preferences & cost oPersonal & cultural beliefs oMass media oBody image  Unhealthy eating behaviors common among adolescents Breakfast skipping an indicator of risk to weight gain: increased snacking, lunch skipping, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity are more common among those who skip breakfast than among breakfast eaters Meal skipping (Perry-Hummicuft and Newman, 1993). restriction of calories and essential nutrients, increase risk of inadequate nutrient intake especially calcium and fiber Skipping meals/failure to maintain a regular eating schedule result in increased intakes when food is eaten Unhealthy eating behaviors common among adolescents Snacking unhealthy snacks are high in calorie, fats, sodium and sugars hence may lead to weight gain Frequent consumption of foods high in fat and sugar eg. fast foods and soft drinks (Forthing, 1991) lead to weight gain ( especially if activity is low) Unhealthy eating behaviors common among adolescents Inadequate consumption of fruits, vegetables and dairy products. increase risk of inadequate nutrient intake especially calcium and fiber Inadequate intake of vitamin A, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium and zinc, phosphorus and iron (in females).  Unhealthy eating behaviors common among adolescents In M’sia Eating habits among teenagers are generally poor. Two thirds of teenagers skip meals, especially breakfast (47.4%) and 50% of them snacks in between meals daily (Chin and Mohd Nasir, 2009). From Lew and Barlow (2005), typical adolescent: o eats 3-4 meals a day o eats at a western fast food restaurant once a week o drinks sweetened drinks 2-5 times a week o snacks 3-5 times a week (Source: Lew and Barlow, 2005) Unhealthy eating behaviors common among adolescents In M’sia Citation: Abdul Majid H, Ramli L, Ying SP, Su TT, Jalaludin MY, Abdul Mohsein NA-S (2016) Dietary Intake among Adolescents in a Middle-Income Country: An Outcome from the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team Study (the MyHeARTs Study). PLoS ONE 11(5): e0155447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155447  Childhood obesity Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of premature death and disability in adulthood. Overweight and obese children are more likely to stay obese into adulthood (Dietz and Gortmaker, 2001) and to develop non communicable diseases (NCDs) at a younger age (Choudhary et al., 2007; Freedman et al., 1999). Citation: Hazreen Abdul Majid., et al. “Systematic Review on the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Adolescents in Malaysia 1990-2014”. EC Nutrition 2.6 (2015): 475-482  Childhood obesity The fundamental cause of overweight and obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. Contributors to adolescent overweight (WHO, 2006) A global shift in diet towards ↑ intake of energy-dense foods (high in fat and sugars but low in vitamins, minerals and other healthy micronutrients). A trend towards ↓ physical activity levels due to the increasingly sedentary nature of recreation time, changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization.  Childhood obesity Parental Obesity (Whitaker et al., 1997) Parenting Style: Excess parental control over children's eating might lead to poor self regulation of kid's energy intake. Parental Eating and Physical Activity Habits (Parson et al., 1999): Parents with poor nutritional habits and sedentary lifestyles role model these behaviors for their children-creating an "obesigenic" home environment Low Birth Weight (Dietz and Gortmaker, 2001): Low birth weight (