Adaptive Immunity and Lymphocyte Receptors
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

  • Innate immunity is faster, whereas adaptive immunity is slower
  • Innate immunity involves only B cells, whereas adaptive immunity involves T cells
  • Innate immunity has no memory, whereas adaptive immunity has memory (correct)
  • Innate immunity is specific to certain microbes, whereas adaptive immunity is non-specific

    • What is the name of the disorder that David Phillip Vetter was born with?

  • Immunoglobulin Deficiency Disorder
  • Autoimmune Disorder
  • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
  • Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) (correct)

    • What is the function of effector T cells in adaptive immunity?

  • To act as a barrier against infection
  • To recognize and bind to specific antigens
  • To produce and secrete antibodies
  • To directly kill infected cells or produce chemical signals that activate other immune responses (correct)

    • What is the result of not having adaptive immunity?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of B lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

    <p>To produce and secrete antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the specificity of antibodies is refined after meeting an antigen?

    <p>Affinity maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of using mouse monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics?

    <p>They can trigger an immune response against the antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of chimeric antibodies?

    <p>They have a mouse variable region and human constant regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Rituximab?

    <p>To target B cells for killing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of humanised antibodies?

    <p>Only the parts of the variable region that contact antigen are from the mouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Omalizumab?

    <p>To treat moderate to severe allergic asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of fully human monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>They are fully human and have the ending –umab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Adalimumab?

    <p>To treat inflammatory diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the ending –ximab in monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>It indicates that the antibody is chimeric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of the constant migration of lymphocytes throughout the body?

    <p>It increases the chance of lymphocytes encountering specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the adaptive immune system generate a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors?

    <p>By randomly rearranging gene segments encoding the variable regions of receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the difference between the primary and secondary immune response?

    <p>The primary response is slower and less effective than the secondary response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of memory cells in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>They provide a faster and more effective response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immunity but NOT innate immunity?

    <p>Specificity for a particular antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the adaptive immune system overcome the vast diversity of microbes, including their ability to mutate?

    <p>By generating an equally vast number of antigen receptors through genetic recombination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of adaptive immunity?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding T cell receptors and B cell receptors?

    <p>B cell receptors are antibodies, while T cell receptors are not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about T cell receptor activation is TRUE?

    <p>Activation of the T cell receptor results in the differentiation of T cells into cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, or regulatory T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the constant region of the heavy chain in an antibody?

    <p>To mediate the production of different classes of antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does junctional diversity contribute to the diversity of antibodies?

    <p>By introducing random nucleotide additions and deletions during the gene rearrangement process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of B cell development?

    <p>B cell development involves the production of cytotoxic granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the variable regions in an antibody molecule?

    <p>To bind to specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the function of helper T cells?

    <p>Helper T cells differentiate into different subsets, each secreting distinct cytokines that influence the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the diversity of antibodies is TRUE?

    <p>The diversity of antibodies is generated by a combination of gene rearrangement, junctional diversity, and combinatorial diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between B cell and T cell activation?

    <p>B cells are activated by direct contact with antigens, while T cells are activated by antigen-presenting cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody class is primarily responsible for neutralizing toxins and viruses by blocking their interaction with other cells?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the subclasses of IgG?

    <p>IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Fc receptors found on cells like macrophages?

    <p>To recognize and bind antibodies for phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one role of antibodies in activating the complement cascade?

    <p>Facilitating the destruction of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody isotype is generally measured in serum to assess specific immune response following vaccination?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibody functions involves agglutinating particles like pathogen debris?

    <p>Agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the different classes or isotypes of antibodies?

    <p>The constant regions of their heavy chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the IgM antibody isotype?

    <p>It is often the first antibody produced in response to an infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Adaptive Immunity

    • Adaptive immunity is slower than innate immunity but provides specific and long-lasting protection
    • It requires lymphocytes, and without them, the body cannot fight infections (example: David Phillip Vetter, "The Boy in the Bubble")
    • Adaptive immunity depends on cells that recognize unique antigenic shapes and have specific receptors

    Lymphocyte Receptors

    • T cell receptor is a heterodimer with one binding site for antigen, composed of alpha and beta chains
    • B cell receptor is an antibody with two antigen binding sites, composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains
    • Lymphocyte receptors have diverse specificities due to gene rearrangement, which increases the probability of encountering specific antigens

    Diversity of Lymphocyte Receptors

    • Gene rearrangement creates the unique specificity of B and T cell receptors
    • Total number of human genes in the genome is approximately 25,000, but microbe diversity exceeds millions, and they can mutate and adapt
    • Junctional diversity adds further diversity to B and T cell receptors

    B Cell Receptor and Antibody

    • B cell receptor and antibody have different consequences when binding to T cells or B cells
    • Antibody = Immunoglobulin, composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, with variable regions determining specificity
    • Constant regions of the heavy chain determine the function of the antibody (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, or IgD)

    Functions of Antibodies

    • Neutralize toxins and viruses by binding to them
    • Opsonize pathogens to promote phagocytosis and killing activity
    • Activate the complement cascade to help kill pathogens
    • Agglutinate particles (pathogen debris, viruses, etc.)

    Functions of Different Antibody Isotypes

    • IgG: main serum antibody, good at opsonization, and used in vaccine responses
    • Monoclonal antibodies: can be chimeric, humanized, or fully human, used to target specific cells or molecules (e.g., Rituximab, Omalizumab, Adalimumab)

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    Antibody, Lymphocytes & Diversity (King's College London) PDF

    Description

    Learn about B cells, antibodies, and lymphocyte receptors in the context of adaptive immunity. Understand the role of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes in the immune response.

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