32 Questions
What are the characteristic features of acute inflammation?
Swelling, pain, heat, redness
Which cell type is characteristic of acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
What are the causes of inflammation besides infectious organisms?
Tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, immune reactions
What type of cellular receptors are involved in the recognition of pathogens during inflammation?
Toll-like receptors
Which class of proteins play a fundamental role in the innate immune system by recognizing specific molecular patterns on pathogens?
Toll-like receptors
What do Toll-like receptors recognize within the microbe?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
What is the term for a fluid rich in proteins and inflammatory mediators?
Exudate
Which structural element in a protein is usually conserved and seen in various other proteins?
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns
What process involves the redistribution of white blood cells (WBCs), allowing them to move closer to the vessel wall?
Margination
What is the term for a fluid lower in protein concentration?
Transudate
Which cell type is a key player in the first few hours of the inflammatory response?
Neutrophils
What is the process by which cells, often phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils, engulf and internalize particles, including microbes?
Phagocytosis
Which group of molecules facilitate the permeation of white blood cells (WBCs) through the vessel wall during inflammation?
Selectins and integrins
What is the term for a slowing down of blood flow during inflammation?
Stasis
What type of material is laden with neutrophils and cell debris?
Pus
What serves to drain extravascular fluids generated from the inflammatory reaction?
Lymphatics
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of chronic inflammation?
Healthy diet and exercise habits
What type of conditions are characterized by inflammation without an autoimmune component?
Autoinflammatory disorders
What role does adipose tissue play in contributing to chronic inflammation in obese individuals?
Adipose tissue releases pro-inflammatory molecules
Which of the following can trigger chronic inflammation due to its impact on releasing inflammatory mediators?
Chronic stress
What is the term for conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, leading to chronic inflammation?
Autoimmune disorders
What is a common cause of chronic inflammation involving long-term exposure to environmental factors such as pollutants, toxins, or allergens?
Prolonged exposure to irritants
Which type of white blood cell is involved in adaptive immune responses?
Lymphocytes
What cellular component is responsible for contributing to tissue repair by producing collagen?
Fibroblasts
What type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of granulomas?
Granulomatous Type Inflammation
Which disease can cause granulomatous inflammation by forming granulomas around the infected cells to contain the bacteria?
Mycobacterial Infection
Which condition can lead to symptoms such as fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, and changes in blood cell counts?
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
Which type of white blood cells have multi-lobed nuclei?
(PMNs) Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
What is the term for a more severe and widespread inflammatory response that can result from various conditions including infections, trauma, or burns?
(SIRS) Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
What is the term for white blood cells with a single, non-segmented nucleus, including monocytes and lymphocytes?
(WBCs) Mononuclear Cells
What cellular components are involved in engulfing and digesting pathogens?
Monocytes
What cellular components contribute to blood clotting and release pro-inflammatory molecules?
Platelets
Study Notes
Acute Inflammation
- Characterized by increased blood flow, swelling, redness, heat, and pain
- Neutrophils are the characteristic cell type of acute inflammation
Causes of Inflammation
- Besides infectious organisms, causes of inflammation include:
- Physical damage
- Chemical irritation
- Thermal injury
- Radiation
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Immune disorders
Recognition of Pathogens
- Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in recognizing specific molecular patterns on pathogens
- TLRs recognize:
- Bacterial cell wall components (e.g., LPS)
- Viral RNA and DNA
- Fungal cell wall components
- Protozoan molecules
Proteins in Innate Immune System
- Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a fundamental role in the innate immune system
- PRRs recognize specific molecular patterns on pathogens
- Examples of PRRs include Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
Inflammatory Process
- Rolling involves the redistribution of white blood cells (WBCs), allowing them to move closer to the vessel wall
- Exudate is a fluid rich in proteins and inflammatory mediators
- Transudate is a fluid lower in protein concentration
Cell Types in Inflammation
- Neutrophils are key players in the first few hours of the inflammatory response
- Macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytes that engulf and internalize particles, including microbes, through phagocytosis
- Lymphocytes are involved in adaptive immune responses
- Fibroblasts produce collagen, contributing to tissue repair
Chronic Inflammation
- Can be caused by:
- Infectious agents
- Autoimmune disorders
- Environmental factors (e.g., pollutants, toxins, allergens)
- Adipose tissue can contribute to chronic inflammation in obese individuals
- Conditions characterized by inflammation without an autoimmune component include:
- Atherosclerosis
- Cancer
- Metabolic disorders
- Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, are characterized by chronic inflammation
Granulomatous Inflammation
- Characterized by the formation of granulomas
- Can be caused by:
- Mycobacterial infections (e.g., tuberculosis)
- Fungal infections
- Parasitic infections
- Conditions that can lead to granulomatous inflammation include:
- Sarcoidosis
- Crohn's disease
Severe Inflammatory Response
- Severe and widespread inflammatory response can result from:
- Infections
- Trauma
- Burns
- This response can lead to:
- Sepsis
- Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
- Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
Test your understanding of the definitions of the inflammatory process, causes, constituents, various steps of white blood cell recruitment, morphological descriptions, resolution, and complications of acute inflammation as explained by Dr. Ian Said Huntingford.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
