Abstract Data Types and Data Structures

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of static Abstract Data Types (ADTs)?

They are often implemented using linked lists. (correct)

They allow direct access to each element by its index.

They rarely change or remain constant.

They store data of the same type in contiguous memory.

What does FIFO stand for in the context of queues?

First-In-First-Out (correct)

Fast-Input-Fast-Out

Follow-In-First-Out

First-In-Last-Out

Which data structure is primarily used for organizing data hierarchically?

Arrays

Graphs

Trees (correct)

Stacks

What is the purpose of abstract data types (ADTs)?

To represent a model or structure of a data type. Signup and view all the answers

Which operation allows you to access a specific element in an array?

Indexing Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is a string considered in the context of ADTs?

Composite data type Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following structures would you typically find nodes linked together?

Graphs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent an operation that can be performed on data structures?

Duplicate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of classes in data structures?

To define both data and operations as a unified type Signup and view all the answers

What does an algorithm provide in the context of data structures?

Finite instructions to solve a specific problem Signup and view all the answers

How are objects created from classes in Java?

Using the <code>new</code> keyword Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of simple data structures?

They encapsulate multiple classes. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of the implementation phase of data structures?

Defining how each operation will be performed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between data structures and algorithms?

Data structures and algorithms collectively form programs. Signup and view all the answers

What role do subroutines play in the context of data structures?

They perform tasks with results as side effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an incorrect description of instances of classes?

They can only hold primitive data types. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of polymorphism in object-oriented programming?

It enables the same method to behave differently based on input. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of method is specifically created by developers for specific tasks?

User-Defined Methods Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains why a parent method is automatically available to all child classes?

Inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What are predefined methods in object-oriented programming?

Methods included in the standard library for immediate use. Signup and view all the answers

What does a recursive method do?

Divides a problem into smaller subtasks. Signup and view all the answers

How do objects in object-oriented programming represent real-world entities?

By defining attributes and methods. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about methods in object-oriented programming?

Methods can be implemented in various ways. Signup and view all the answers

What role do objects play in high-level programming languages?

They are the basic entities that encapsulate characteristics and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the syntax for declaring a single-dimensional array in Java?

int x[]; Signup and view all the answers

Which representation stores the array elements row-wise?

Row-major representation Signup and view all the answers

In a 2D array, what is the correct formula to calculate the address of an element in column-major representation?

Start + k([(i-1)n] + [j-1]) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of columns in a 3x2 array?

2 Signup and view all the answers

In the context provided, what does the 'k' represent in the address calculation formula?

Size of each element in memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a valid declaration for a two-dimensional array in Java?

int[][] M = new int[3][2]; Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of a singly-linked list?

Each node points to the next node in the list. Signup and view all the answers

In a doubly-linked list, which of the following fields does each node contain?

Links to both the next node and the previous node. Signup and view all the answers

What does the last node in a linked list indicate with its NULL pointer?

It signifies the end of the list. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the head in a linked list?

It serves as a pointer to the first node in the linked list. Signup and view all the answers

How does traversal in a singly-linked list typically occur?

Only in the forward direction. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure allows for more flexible traversal, singly-linked lists or doubly-linked lists?

Doubly-linked lists because they can be navigated both ways. Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a characteristic of a node in a singly-linked list?

A pointer to the previous node. Signup and view all the answers

What does the structure of a node in a singly-linked list consist of?

A data field and a next pointer. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Abstract Data Types (ADT)

An ADT is a model or structure that represents a type of data. It defines the data's attributes, like size and values, and the functions that can be performed on the data.
ADTs can be implemented as classes in programming languages, providing a way to organize and manage data.
Data is information gathered convey knowledge about a world or environment.

Stages of ADT

Specification: This stage defines the ADT's components, properties, and relationships. It specifies the operations that can be performed on the data.
Representation: In this stage, you determine how to store ADT instances. This is where you choose a data structure to use for storing instances of the ADT.
Implementation: This stage defines how each operation will be performed with the data. Here, you develop algorithms to execute each operation.

Data Structures

Simple Data Structures (Primitive Data Types):
- Integer
- Float
- Boolean
- Character
Composite Data Types: Store data of the same type in contiguous memory cells.
- Arrays: Allow direct access to each element by its index.
  - Examples:
    - Static ADTs: Rarely change or remain constant.
    - Dynamic ADTs: Frequently change.
- Linked Lists: Ordered collection of data where each element, or node, links to the next.
- Strings: Sequence of characters with a specific length. Used to store text data.
- Structs: Group multiple data types into a single structure. Define relationships between data and support ADT operations. Allow the creation of instances that represent specific entities.
- Classes: Define both data (attributes) and operations (methods) as a unified type. Instances of classes are called objects, which encapsulate both state and behavior.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Models real-world characteristics and behaviors, allowing for the design of applications and software through a more intuitive structure.
Objects are the basic entities of OOP, representing entities with distinct characteristics (attributes) and behaviors (methods).

Algorithms

A sequence of finite instructions that define how to solve a specific problem.
Often initially written in pseudocode.
Data structures, together with algorithms, form programs.

Classes

Serve as blueprints for creating objects. An instance of a class is formed by specific objects.
Once a method is defined in the parent class, it is automatically available to all child classes.

Polymorphism

The ability of an operation to exhibit different behaviors based on the data passed to it. "Many forms."
Purpose: Allows the same method to be implemented in various ways depending on the object type.

Methods

Collections of code designed to perform specific tasks, written once but reusable multiple times during program execution.
Predefined Methods: Available in the standard library for immediate use (e.g., sqrt(), print()).
User-Defined Methods: Created by developers to perform specific tasks.

Creating an Object

A new object is created from a class using the new keyword.
For example, in Java, you would use new to create a new object from a class.

Recursive Algorithm

A recursive method breaks down a task into smaller subtasks to solve the problem more efficiently. Example:
num at = 75 subscript of 5th element =
subscript of 63 = what is the 6th element = 80

Array Declaration

int x[] = new int;

1D Array Representation

String name[] = {"Sam", "Manuel", "Jaimie"};

2D Array Representation

A single-dimensional array can be treated as either a row or a column. It uses only one subscript for indexing.
Syntax: int x[] = new int;
- Example: String name[] = {"Sam", "Manuel", "Jaimie"};

Dimensions of Arrays in Java

1D Array:
- A single-dimensional array can be treated as either a row or a column. It uses only one subscript for indexing.
2D Array:
- Row Major Representation
  - FORMULA: Start + k ([(i-1)n] + [j-1])
- Column Major Representation
  - FORMULA: Start + k ([(i-1)] + [j-1]m)

Learning Linked List Data Structure

A linked list is an ordered collection of data elements where each element contains a reference (link) to the next element.

Node

Each element in a linked list.
Node Structure:
- Data: Contains the value or information.
- Link: Points to the next node in the sequence.

Head

A pointer/reference to the first node in the linked list.

LAST NODE

The last node in the linked list points to NULL, indicating the end of the list.

Singly-Linked List

Each node contains a pointer that identifies the next element in the list.
Structure:
- Each node has two fields:
  - Data: Stores the value.
  - Next Pointer: Points to the next node in the list.
Characteristics:
- Contains only one link to a single successor (the next node).
- Traversal is typically done in one direction (from head to tail).

Doubly-Linked List

Each node has pointers to both its successor (next node) and predecessor (previous node).
Structure:
- Each node contains three fields:
  - Data
  - Next Pointer
  - Previous Pointer
Characteristics:
- Nodes can be navigated both forward and backward.
- Allows more flexible traversal compared to singly-linked lists.

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Description

Explore the concepts of Abstract Data Types (ADTs) and their various stages, including specification, representation, and implementation. Understand how data structures support the organization and management of data within programming. This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of ADTs and simple data structures.