ABO Blood Group Antigens Overview
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Questions and Answers

What can occur to a person's ABO phenotype during a necrotizing infection?

  • They may acquire the B antigen. (correct)
  • They may produce more anti-A antibodies.
  • They may lose the B antigen.
  • They may acquire the A antigen.

Which statement about blood group antigens is true?

  • ABO antigens are solely expressed on red blood cells.
  • Secretors have no soluble form of the ABO antigens.
  • ABO antigens are present on most epithelial and endothelial cells. (correct)
  • Non-secretors express soluble A and B antigens in saliva.

How can some individuals lose ABO blood group antigens?

  • By receiving incompatible blood transfusions.
  • Through genetic mutations.
  • By engaging in physical exercise.
  • Due to increased demand for red blood cells. (correct)

What is a characteristic of non-secretors regarding ABO blood group antigens?

<p>They are homozygous for null alleles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of A and B antigens in the context of diseases?

<p>They serve as tumor markers for certain hematological cancers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which illness is associated with weakened expression of ABO blood group antigens?

<p>Thalassemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about individuals without A and B antigens is true?

<p>Their health is not negatively affected by lack of these antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a modification of ABO blood group antigens in patients?

<p>Hematological cancers altering sugar chains. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes 'secretors' in relation to ABO blood group antigens?

<p>They produce a soluble form of ABO antigens found in saliva. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hematological cancers influence the expression of ABO blood group antigens?

<p>They can modify the sugar chains that carry the antigen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can lead to the acquisition of the B antigen during an illness?

<p>Infection by bacteria that release enzymes converting A antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of individuals who lack A and B antigens?

<p>They do not show any known health issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the presence of ABO blood group antigens is true?

<p>Most epithelial and endothelial cells express ABO blood group antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is least likely to alter a person's ABO blood group phenotype?

<p>A hereditary trait associated with null alleles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation should a patient who recently acquired the B antigen avoid blood products containing this antigen?

<p>During active treatment for a necrotizing infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the non-secretor status?

<p>They are homozygous for null alleles at the ABO locus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ABO blood group antigens play in terms of disease susceptibility?

<p>Phenotype may influence susceptibility to certain diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Function of ABO Blood Group Antigens

Individuals who lack the A and B antigens are healthy, suggesting that any function the antigens have is not important.

Expression of ABO Blood Group Antigens

ABO blood group antigens are expressed on a wide variety of human tissues.

ABO Antigen Alteration in Cancer

ABO blood group antigens can be altered by hematological cancers, which can modify the sugar chains that bear the antigens.

Acquired B Antigen

Patients can acquire the B antigen during a necrotizing infection due to bacteria releasing an enzyme that converts the A1 antigen into a B-like antigen.

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Loss of ABO Blood Group Antigens

Illness can cause patients to lose ABO blood group antigens due to increased demand for red blood cells.

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ABO Blood Group Antigens

The ABO blood group antigens are expressed on red blood cells, but also on other cells and fluids.

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Non-secretors and H Antigen

Non-secretors are unable to produce a soluble form of H antigen, which is a precursor to A and B antigens.

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ABO Blood Group and Disease Susceptibility

The susceptibility to certain diseases has been linked with a person's ABO phenotype.

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Where are ABO blood group antigens found?

The ABO blood group antigens are found on red blood cells, but also on other cells and fluids, like epithelial and endothelial cells. They are present on most epithelial and endothelial cells.

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How many ABO antigens per red blood cell?

Each red blood cell has approximately 2 million ABO blood group antigens.

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What are 'secretors'?

Individuals who have the 'secretor' gene produce a soluble form of the ABO blood group antigens in their saliva and all bodily fluids except for the cerebrospinal fluid.

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How can someone acquire the B antigen?

A person can acquire the B antigen during a bacterial infection. This happens when bacteria release an enzyme that converts the A1 antigen into a B-like antigen.

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How can illnesses affect ABO blood group antigens?

Illnesses that increase the need for red blood cells, such as thalassemia, can weaken the expression of ABO blood group antigens.

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How do hematological cancers affect ABO blood group antigens?

Hematological cancers can alter the sugar chains that bear the ABO blood group antigens, which can lead to their use as tumor markers.

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What is known about the function of ABO blood group antigens?

While the exact function of ABO blood group antigens is unknown, they are not essential for life, as individuals without them are healthy.

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Are ABO blood group antigens linked to any diseases?

There are no diseases known to be caused by the lack of ABO blood group antigens.

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What is the connection between ABO phenotype and disease susceptibility?

The susceptibility to certain diseases has been linked to a person's ABO phenotype.

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Who are 'non-secretors'?

Individuals classified as 'non-secretors' lack the ability to produce a soluble form of H antigen, a precursor to A and B antigens.

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Study Notes

ABO Blood Group Antigens

  • Expressed on a wide variety of human tissues, including epithelial and endothelial cells, not just red blood cells (RBCs)
  • Each RBC has ~2 million ABO antigens
  • Other blood cells (T cells, B cells, platelets) may acquire ABO antigens from plasma
  • Secretors have soluble ABO antigens in bodily fluids (except CSF)
  • ABO antigens are also present on most epithelial and endothelial cells
  • Individuals who are "secretors" have soluble forms of ABO antigens in bodily fluids such as saliva, with exceptions like cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Antigen Synthesis

  • Related to Hh and Lewis antigens
  • Synthesis mechanisms not explicitly detailed in provided text

ABO Phenotype Alterations

  • Acquired B antigen: Necrotizing infections can cause conversion of A1 antigen to a B-like antigen. During this period patients should not receive blood products containing B antigens due to potential anti-B antibodies. Blood group returns to normal after infection treatment.
  • Lost ABO antigens: Diseases increasing RBC demand (e.g., thalassemia) can weaken ABO expression. Hematological cancers can alter sugar chains bearing the antigens. ABO antigens can be used as tumor markers for certain cancers (acute leukemia, myeloproliferative disorders, and myelodysplasia).

Function of A and B Antigens

  • Unknown; individuals lacking A and B antigens are healthy.

Diseases and ABO Antigens

  • No known diseases from lack of ABO antigen expression
  • Susceptibility to certain diseases is linked to ABO phenotype.

Non-Secretors

  • Homozygous for null alleles (se/se) at the ABO locus.
  • Unable to produce soluble H antigens.
  • Therefore, cannot produce A and B antigens as well.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of ABO blood group antigens and their expression on various human tissues. This quiz delves into how antigens are synthesized, alterations in ABO phenotypes, and the implications for blood transfusions and disease markers. Test your understanding of this crucial aspect of immunology.

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